Braziliaanse Dagen (304): 31 oktober

Brazilian Days 304

October 31

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Dona de Casa

(Housewife). More than 336 thousand ‘donas de casa’ – which may be considered as housewives – , were registered in the Brazilian Social Security System between October 2011 and September 2012. These housewives have a low income; their registration provide them the right to retire, receive benefits when disabled, when on maternal leave, and when become a widow. Most registrations had occurred in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. The housewives paid a contribution of 5 percent of the minimum salary in 2012: R$ 31.10. It is estimated at almost six million housewives between 16 and 64 years might meet the conditions of registration in the Social Security System.

 

DONA DE CASA
Um dia de DONA DE CASA de Jonas Almeida (Parte 1)	DIA DE DONA DE CASA – Parte 2

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Dia da Poupança

(World Savings Day, World Thrift Day). This day was established during the First International Savings Bank Congress, organized by the World Society of Savings Banks) on 31 October 1924. The day 31 October was proclaimed the ‘International Saving Day’ by Italian professor Filippo Ravizza; it should be a day devoted to the promotion of savings all over the world. This day should not coincide with a public holiday, since the banks should be open for customers to deposit their savings on bank accounts.

  

WORLD SAVINGS DAY
Dia Mundial da Poupança	Dia Mundial da Poupança – Pt. 2

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Dia das Bruxas

(Halloween). Halloween is celebrated on the night of 31 October. The word ‘halloween’ is a shortening of All Hallow’s Evening. Halloween is thought to have its origins in the ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain, which was a celebration of the end of the harvest season. The ancient Celtics thought that on 31 October, the boundaries between the worlds of the living and the dead overlapped, and the dead would come back to life and create some havoc such as sickness or damaged crops. Bonfires were ignited in order to attract insects, which in turn attract bats to the area. Masks and costumes had the function to mimic or calm down the evil spirits. Migrants brought Halloween to the United States, where it had become very popular. The increased American influence in recent years resulted in an increased popularity of Halloween all over the world.

 

HALLOWEEN
The Heritage Of Halloween: History, Folklore & It’s Pagan Roots	The Real Story of Halloween
Halloween – Dia das Bruxas 1parte	Halloween Dia das Bruxas 2 parte
Xuxa – Dia das Bruxas	MANHÃ CRIANÇA – DIA DAS BRUXAS

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Dia do Saci-Pererê

(Saci-Pererê, Brazilian folkloric figure). In order to decrease the popularity of American-style Halloween, the Brazilian government introduced the day of Saci Pererê, a Brazilian folkloric figure, on 31 October, by law (Lei 2479/2003).  The history of Saci-Pererê may have its origin in Southern Brazil, near the borders with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Saci-Pererê was originally a naughty indian boy, who knew the forest very well. In these stories he was two-legged. In the 17th century, the story of Saci was gradually spread over the Brazilian colony. His image also was gradually changed. When Brazilian slaves adopted the story about Saci, they modified him in an adult black man, wearing a red hat and smoking a pipe. The red hat may refer to the European culture, as a symbol of liberty. He had lost a leg during a capoeira fight. Another version tells that ‘he preferred to have one leg as a free man to two legs as a slave’. Saci became one of the figures in some books of Monteiro Lobato, which greatly increased his popularity. Curiously, Saci is the mascot of soccer Club Internacional from Porto Alegre.

 

SACI-PERERÊ
Lenda O Saci-Pererê	Saci Pererê
O Saci (1951)	Sítio do Picapau Amarelo – O Saci
As Aventuras do Saci-Pererê	Cidade Negra canta “Saci Pererê”

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1966
Death of writer and educator Antônio de Arruda Carneiro Leão (1887-1966)

Antônio was born in Recife on 2 July 1887. In 1911, he graduated in Law. He then moved to Rio de Janeiro, where his work was focused on education. In addition he contributed to various journals in Recife, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, and founded the magazine ‘O Economista’. In 1944, Antônio was elected as member of Academia Brasileira de Letras, the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

 

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1996
TAM Flight 402 (Fokker 100) crashed shortly after take-off at Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, killing 99 people.

Flight 402 was a regular scheduled flight between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. There were 96 people on board, 90 of them were passengers. Shortly after take-off, the plane suffered uncontrolled reverse thrust on the starboard engine, while climbing.  As a result, the plane stalled, rolled and crashed into several buildings in an area near Congonhas. All 95 people on board as well as 4 on the ground were killed.

 

 

TAM 402
Avião da TAM cai ao tentar decolar em Congonhas (1996)	Vídeo Voo 402 da TAM 1996
Catástrofes Aéreas América Latina – Congonhas 1996	FS2004 – Simulação do voo 402

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (241): 29 augustus

Brazilian Days 241

August 29

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo

(Combat against Smoking). Quit smoking. Easier said than done. On the day that pays attention on the adverse effects of smoking habits this attention may contribute to the effort to quit smoking. The INCA website shows some facts and figures about smoking. It is estimated that about one third of the adult world population is smoker, i.e. about 1.2 billion, of which 200 million is female. A bit less than half of the masculine population (47 %), and about 12 % of the feminine population. It is estimated that about 4.9 million people die due to smoking-related causes (data 2003), which is equal to more than ten thousand smoking-related deaths on daily basis. In 2030, the number is expected to double. In Brazil, the percentage of smokers varies between 13 and 25 percent among the Brazilian capitals. It is estimated that there are 200 thousand smoking-related deaths annually.

The motto of 2007 was:

Ambiente Livre de Cigarro é Direito de Todos

Everyone has the right of a smoke-free environment.

And for 2012:

Cigarro não combina com a saúde do planeta. Nem com a sua.

Cigarettes do not match with the earth’s health. Neither with yours.

COMBAT AGAINST SMOKING
29 de Agosto – Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo 2011
29/08 Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	PARE DE FUMAR! O cigarro é um veneno mortal. imagens fortes

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Dia do Vaqueiro

(Cowboy). In 2004, this day was introduced by law. The idea for this day was the first cowboy parade in União, on August 29, 1944. União is at a short distance from Teresina, capital of the state of Piauí. This festival now is considered the largest cowboy festival in Brazil, with more than one thousand participants. União is also the city of the patron of the Vaqueiros, José Serafim, who founded the first Brazilian Society for Vaqueiros in 1984.

 

VAQUEIROS
Documentario Vaqueiros de União	A dura rotina do vaqueiro
Barras comemora dia do vaqueiro	Procissão dos Vaqueiros – Barras – 2010
Globo Rural – Encontro de Vaqueiros em Aroazes-PI	Alcimar Monteiro – Vaqueiro Nordestino
Dia do Vaqueiro

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1730
Birth of Antônio Francisco Lisboa (1730-1814), better known as Aleijadinho.

Aleijadinho is considered as one of the most influential Brazilian artist, but there exists serious doubts, if he has existed. There are sources that state that the government of Getúlio Vargas had created the legend. To serve as a Brazilian prototype: From mixed descendent (Portuguese father and African mother), disabled (he had to deal with the symptoms of leprosy, at a later age), moody, but above all capable to show his talents. Works of Aleijadinho – the ‘little cripple’ – are predominantly found in the historic cities of Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, Mariana, Congonhas, Sabará, São João del Rei. Especially the statues of the twelve prophets, of soft soapstone, in front of the Sanctuary de Bom Jesus de Matosinhos, in Congonhas, are very famous. With the help of his assistants (his hands and feet were severely malformed) the artist sculpted the statues in a period of five years. Other masterpieces of Aleijadinho in Congonhas are the 66 statues of the Passion, he spent ten years on it.

ALEIJADINHO
Aleijadinho	Via Sacra-Aleijadinho
O Aleijadinho – Documentário	Os Doze Profetas, Aleijadinho
Os 12 Profetas

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1825
Recognition of the independence of Brazil by Portugal.

The recognition was a fact, almost three years after the declaration of the independence by the then crown prince Pedro, on September 7, 1822. A long and bloody independence war followed. Only after mediation by the British Empire, the Portuguese king Dom João VI signed the alliance and friendship treaty with his former colony Brazil, thereby recognizing the independence. As a prize, Brazil had to pay two million pounds that Portugal owed the British Empire. Portugal was not the first nation that recognized Brazil. The United States were the first nation, in 1824. Then followed by Mexico, Argentina, and France. Immediately after the Portuguese recognition, the British Empire, and later other European nations recognized the independence of Brazil.

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1852
Start of the construction of the first railway connection in Brazil, the Estrada de Ferro Mauá.

In Europe, and in the United States thousands of kilometers of railways were constructed in the second half of the 19th century. Brazil could not lag behind. Good railway connections could transport, for example, the coffee harvest, to the harbors in a cheaper and faster way. In 1828, a law came into effect, which stimulated the construction of railway connections between the major cities. In 1835, it was made possible to obtain concessions of a railway connection, for a period of forty years. In July 1852, interest upon the investments was promised. The latter provided the ultimate impulse to the construction of the first railway. The famous Brazilian entrepreneur Irineu Evangelista de Souza, (1813-1889), later honored with the title Baron de Mauá, took the initiative to the construction of a railway from Rio de Janeiro in the direction of Petrópolis, a short track of 15 kilometers. On April 30, 1854, the track was inaugurated by emperor Pedro II.

Baronesa

Brazilian railway system

BRAZILIAN RAILWAYS
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Globo Repórter a História das Ferrovias no Brasil
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Infraestrutura ferroviária no Brasil

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1853
Separation of the state of Paraná from the state of São Paulo.

Emperor Dom Pedro II signed the law that created the state of Paraná. Paraná is Guarani for ‘mighty river’, and this river is indeed impressive, when witnessing the famous waterfalls of Foz do Iguaçu. The creation of the new state also marked the start of the exploration of Paraná by a flood of European (Polish, German, and Italian) and Asian migrants. Curitiba became the new capital of the state.

  
Brazilian map in 1853

State of Paraná

PARANÁ (PR)
PARANÁ NO CENTENÁRIO (1953)	Hino do Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 1 – Indígenas paranaenses	História do Paraná – Aula 2 – Reduções espanholas
História do Paraná – Aula 3 – Ocupação do Primeiro Planalto	História do Paraná – Aula 4 – Ocupação dos Campos Gerais
História do Paraná – Aula 5 – Caminhos e tropeirismo	História do Paraná – Aula 6 – Erva mate e madeira
História do Paraná – Aula 7 – Emancipação política	História do Paraná – Aula 8 – Escravidão no Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 9 – Imigração	História do Paraná – Aula 10 – Revolução Federalista e o Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 11- Questão de Palmas	Turismo / Governo do Paraná

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1903
Registration of the first automobile in Brazil.

In Rio de Janeiro, the car of Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio became registered. Interesting is the claim that the time of the registration was quite unfortunate, when considered astrologically. According to this claim, there is a link between this time of registration and the large number of road accidents in Brazil.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Braziliaanse Dagen (304): 31 oktober

Brazilian Days 304

October 31

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Dona de Casa

(Housewife). More than 336 thousand ‘donas de casa’ – which may be considered as housewives – , were registered in the Brazilian Social Security System between October 2011 and September 2012. These housewives have a low income; their registration provide them the right to retire, receive benefits when disabled, when on maternal leave, and when become a widow. Most registrations had occurred in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. The housewives paid a contribution of 5 percent of the minimum salary in 2012: R$ 31.10. It is estimated at almost six million housewives between 16 and 64 years might meet the conditions of registration in the Social Security System.

 

DONA DE CASA
Um dia de DONA DE CASA de Jonas Almeida (Parte 1)	DIA DE DONA DE CASA – Parte 2

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Dia da Poupança

(World Savings Day, World Thrift Day). This day was established during the First International Savings Bank Congress, organized by the World Society of Savings Banks) on 31 October 1924. The day 31 October was proclaimed the ‘International Saving Day’ by Italian professor Filippo Ravizza; it should be a day devoted to the promotion of savings all over the world. This day should not coincide with a public holiday, since the banks should be open for customers to deposit their savings on bank accounts.

  

WORLD SAVINGS DAY
Dia Mundial da Poupança	Dia Mundial da Poupança – Pt. 2

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Dia das Bruxas

(Halloween). Halloween is celebrated on the night of 31 October. The word ‘halloween’ is a shortening of All Hallow’s Evening. Halloween is thought to have its origins in the ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain, which was a celebration of the end of the harvest season. The ancient Celtics thought that on 31 October, the boundaries between the worlds of the living and the dead overlapped, and the dead would come back to life and create some havoc such as sickness or damaged crops. Bonfires were ignited in order to attract insects, which in turn attract bats to the area. Masks and costumes had the function to mimic or calm down the evil spirits. Migrants brought Halloween to the United States, where it had become very popular. The increased American influence in recent years resulted in an increased popularity of Halloween all over the world.

 

HALLOWEEN
The Heritage Of Halloween: History, Folklore & It’s Pagan Roots	The Real Story of Halloween
Halloween – Dia das Bruxas 1parte	Halloween Dia das Bruxas 2 parte
Xuxa – Dia das Bruxas	MANHÃ CRIANÇA – DIA DAS BRUXAS

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Dia do Saci-Pererê

(Saci-Pererê, Brazilian folkloric figure). In order to decrease the popularity of American-style Halloween, the Brazilian government introduced the day of Saci Pererê, a Brazilian folkloric figure, on 31 October, by law (Lei 2479/2003).  The history of Saci-Pererê may have its origin in Southern Brazil, near the borders with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Saci-Pererê was originally a naughty indian boy, who knew the forest very well. In these stories he was two-legged. In the 17th century, the story of Saci was gradually spread over the Brazilian colony. His image also was gradually changed. When Brazilian slaves adopted the story about Saci, they modified him in an adult black man, wearing a red hat and smoking a pipe. The red hat may refer to the European culture, as a symbol of liberty. He had lost a leg during a capoeira fight. Another version tells that ‘he preferred to have one leg as a free man to two legs as a slave’. Saci became one of the figures in some books of Monteiro Lobato, which greatly increased his popularity. Curiously, Saci is the mascot of soccer Club Internacional from Porto Alegre.

 

SACI-PERERÊ
Lenda O Saci-Pererê	Saci Pererê
O Saci (1951)	Sítio do Picapau Amarelo – O Saci
As Aventuras do Saci-Pererê	Cidade Negra canta “Saci Pererê”

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1966
Death of writer and educator Antônio de Arruda Carneiro Leão (1887-1966)

Antônio was born in Recife on 2 July 1887. In 1911, he graduated in Law. He then moved to Rio de Janeiro, where his work was focused on education. In addition he contributed to various journals in Recife, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, and founded the magazine ‘O Economista’. In 1944, Antônio was elected as member of Academia Brasileira de Letras, the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

 

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1996
TAM Flight 402 (Fokker 100) crashed shortly after take-off at Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, killing 99 people.

Flight 402 was a regular scheduled flight between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. There were 96 people on board, 90 of them were passengers. Shortly after take-off, the plane suffered uncontrolled reverse thrust on the starboard engine, while climbing.  As a result, the plane stalled, rolled and crashed into several buildings in an area near Congonhas. All 95 people on board as well as 4 on the ground were killed.

 

 

TAM 402
Avião da TAM cai ao tentar decolar em Congonhas (1996)	Vídeo Voo 402 da TAM 1996
Catástrofes Aéreas América Latina – Congonhas 1996	FS2004 – Simulação do voo 402

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (241): 29 augustus

Brazilian Days 241

August 29

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo

(Combat against Smoking). Quit smoking. Easier said than done. On the day that pays attention on the adverse effects of smoking habits this attention may contribute to the effort to quit smoking. The INCA website shows some facts and figures about smoking. It is estimated that about one third of the adult world population is smoker, i.e. about 1.2 billion, of which 200 million is female. A bit less than half of the masculine population (47 %), and about 12 % of the feminine population. It is estimated that about 4.9 million people die due to smoking-related causes (data 2003), which is equal to more than ten thousand smoking-related deaths on daily basis. In 2030, the number is expected to double. In Brazil, the percentage of smokers varies between 13 and 25 percent among the Brazilian capitals. It is estimated that there are 200 thousand smoking-related deaths annually.

The motto of 2007 was:

Ambiente Livre de Cigarro é Direito de Todos

Everyone has the right of a smoke-free environment.

And for 2012:

Cigarro não combina com a saúde do planeta. Nem com a sua.

Cigarettes do not match with the earth’s health. Neither with yours.

COMBAT AGAINST SMOKING
29 de Agosto – Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo 2011
29/08 Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	PARE DE FUMAR! O cigarro é um veneno mortal. imagens fortes

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Dia do Vaqueiro

(Cowboy). In 2004, this day was introduced by law. The idea for this day was the first cowboy parade in União, on August 29, 1944. União is at a short distance from Teresina, capital of the state of Piauí. This festival now is considered the largest cowboy festival in Brazil, with more than one thousand participants. União is also the city of the patron of the Vaqueiros, José Serafim, who founded the first Brazilian Society for Vaqueiros in 1984.

 

VAQUEIROS
Documentario Vaqueiros de União	A dura rotina do vaqueiro
Barras comemora dia do vaqueiro	Procissão dos Vaqueiros – Barras – 2010
Globo Rural – Encontro de Vaqueiros em Aroazes-PI	Alcimar Monteiro – Vaqueiro Nordestino
Dia do Vaqueiro

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1730
Birth of Antônio Francisco Lisboa (1730-1814), better known as Aleijadinho.

Aleijadinho is considered as one of the most influential Brazilian artist, but there exists serious doubts, if he has existed. There are sources that state that the government of Getúlio Vargas had created the legend. To serve as a Brazilian prototype: From mixed descendent (Portuguese father and African mother), disabled (he had to deal with the symptoms of leprosy, at a later age), moody, but above all capable to show his talents. Works of Aleijadinho – the ‘little cripple’ – are predominantly found in the historic cities of Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, Mariana, Congonhas, Sabará, São João del Rei. Especially the statues of the twelve prophets, of soft soapstone, in front of the Sanctuary de Bom Jesus de Matosinhos, in Congonhas, are very famous. With the help of his assistants (his hands and feet were severely malformed) the artist sculpted the statues in a period of five years. Other masterpieces of Aleijadinho in Congonhas are the 66 statues of the Passion, he spent ten years on it.

ALEIJADINHO
Aleijadinho	Via Sacra-Aleijadinho
O Aleijadinho – Documentário	Os Doze Profetas, Aleijadinho
Os 12 Profetas

---

1825
Recognition of the independence of Brazil by Portugal.

The recognition was a fact, almost three years after the declaration of the independence by the then crown prince Pedro, on September 7, 1822. A long and bloody independence war followed. Only after mediation by the British Empire, the Portuguese king Dom João VI signed the alliance and friendship treaty with his former colony Brazil, thereby recognizing the independence. As a prize, Brazil had to pay two million pounds that Portugal owed the British Empire. Portugal was not the first nation that recognized Brazil. The United States were the first nation, in 1824. Then followed by Mexico, Argentina, and France. Immediately after the Portuguese recognition, the British Empire, and later other European nations recognized the independence of Brazil.

---

1852
Start of the construction of the first railway connection in Brazil, the Estrada de Ferro Mauá.

In Europe, and in the United States thousands of kilometers of railways were constructed in the second half of the 19th century. Brazil could not lag behind. Good railway connections could transport, for example, the coffee harvest, to the harbors in a cheaper and faster way. In 1828, a law came into effect, which stimulated the construction of railway connections between the major cities. In 1835, it was made possible to obtain concessions of a railway connection, for a period of forty years. In July 1852, interest upon the investments was promised. The latter provided the ultimate impulse to the construction of the first railway. The famous Brazilian entrepreneur Irineu Evangelista de Souza, (1813-1889), later honored with the title Baron de Mauá, took the initiative to the construction of a railway from Rio de Janeiro in the direction of Petrópolis, a short track of 15 kilometers. On April 30, 1854, the track was inaugurated by emperor Pedro II.

Baronesa

Brazilian railway system

BRAZILIAN RAILWAYS
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Globo Repórter a História das Ferrovias no Brasil
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Infraestrutura ferroviária no Brasil

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1853
Separation of the state of Paraná from the state of São Paulo.

Emperor Dom Pedro II signed the law that created the state of Paraná. Paraná is Guarani for ‘mighty river’, and this river is indeed impressive, when witnessing the famous waterfalls of Foz do Iguaçu. The creation of the new state also marked the start of the exploration of Paraná by a flood of European (Polish, German, and Italian) and Asian migrants. Curitiba became the new capital of the state.

  
Brazilian map in 1853

State of Paraná

PARANÁ (PR)
PARANÁ NO CENTENÁRIO (1953)	Hino do Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 1 – Indígenas paranaenses	História do Paraná – Aula 2 – Reduções espanholas
História do Paraná – Aula 3 – Ocupação do Primeiro Planalto	História do Paraná – Aula 4 – Ocupação dos Campos Gerais
História do Paraná – Aula 5 – Caminhos e tropeirismo	História do Paraná – Aula 6 – Erva mate e madeira
História do Paraná – Aula 7 – Emancipação política	História do Paraná – Aula 8 – Escravidão no Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 9 – Imigração	História do Paraná – Aula 10 – Revolução Federalista e o Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 11- Questão de Palmas	Turismo / Governo do Paraná

---

1903
Registration of the first automobile in Brazil.

In Rio de Janeiro, the car of Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio became registered. Interesting is the claim that the time of the registration was quite unfortunate, when considered astrologically. According to this claim, there is a link between this time of registration and the large number of road accidents in Brazil.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Braziliaanse Dagen (304): 31 oktober

Brazilian Days 304

October 31

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Dona de Casa

(Housewife). More than 336 thousand ‘donas de casa’ – which may be considered as housewives – , were registered in the Brazilian Social Security System between October 2011 and September 2012. These housewives have a low income; their registration provide them the right to retire, receive benefits when disabled, when on maternal leave, and when become a widow. Most registrations had occurred in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. The housewives paid a contribution of 5 percent of the minimum salary in 2012: R$ 31.10. It is estimated at almost six million housewives between 16 and 64 years might meet the conditions of registration in the Social Security System.

 

DONA DE CASA
Um dia de DONA DE CASA de Jonas Almeida (Parte 1)	DIA DE DONA DE CASA – Parte 2

---

Dia da Poupança

(World Savings Day, World Thrift Day). This day was established during the First International Savings Bank Congress, organized by the World Society of Savings Banks) on 31 October 1924. The day 31 October was proclaimed the ‘International Saving Day’ by Italian professor Filippo Ravizza; it should be a day devoted to the promotion of savings all over the world. This day should not coincide with a public holiday, since the banks should be open for customers to deposit their savings on bank accounts.

  

WORLD SAVINGS DAY
Dia Mundial da Poupança	Dia Mundial da Poupança – Pt. 2

---

Dia das Bruxas

(Halloween). Halloween is celebrated on the night of 31 October. The word ‘halloween’ is a shortening of All Hallow’s Evening. Halloween is thought to have its origins in the ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain, which was a celebration of the end of the harvest season. The ancient Celtics thought that on 31 October, the boundaries between the worlds of the living and the dead overlapped, and the dead would come back to life and create some havoc such as sickness or damaged crops. Bonfires were ignited in order to attract insects, which in turn attract bats to the area. Masks and costumes had the function to mimic or calm down the evil spirits. Migrants brought Halloween to the United States, where it had become very popular. The increased American influence in recent years resulted in an increased popularity of Halloween all over the world.

 

HALLOWEEN
The Heritage Of Halloween: History, Folklore & It’s Pagan Roots	The Real Story of Halloween
Halloween – Dia das Bruxas 1parte	Halloween Dia das Bruxas 2 parte
Xuxa – Dia das Bruxas	MANHÃ CRIANÇA – DIA DAS BRUXAS

---

Dia do Saci-Pererê

(Saci-Pererê, Brazilian folkloric figure). In order to decrease the popularity of American-style Halloween, the Brazilian government introduced the day of Saci Pererê, a Brazilian folkloric figure, on 31 October, by law (Lei 2479/2003).  The history of Saci-Pererê may have its origin in Southern Brazil, near the borders with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Saci-Pererê was originally a naughty indian boy, who knew the forest very well. In these stories he was two-legged. In the 17th century, the story of Saci was gradually spread over the Brazilian colony. His image also was gradually changed. When Brazilian slaves adopted the story about Saci, they modified him in an adult black man, wearing a red hat and smoking a pipe. The red hat may refer to the European culture, as a symbol of liberty. He had lost a leg during a capoeira fight. Another version tells that ‘he preferred to have one leg as a free man to two legs as a slave’. Saci became one of the figures in some books of Monteiro Lobato, which greatly increased his popularity. Curiously, Saci is the mascot of soccer Club Internacional from Porto Alegre.

 

SACI-PERERÊ
Lenda O Saci-Pererê	Saci Pererê
O Saci (1951)	Sítio do Picapau Amarelo – O Saci
As Aventuras do Saci-Pererê	Cidade Negra canta “Saci Pererê”

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1966
Death of writer and educator Antônio de Arruda Carneiro Leão (1887-1966)

Antônio was born in Recife on 2 July 1887. In 1911, he graduated in Law. He then moved to Rio de Janeiro, where his work was focused on education. In addition he contributed to various journals in Recife, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, and founded the magazine ‘O Economista’. In 1944, Antônio was elected as member of Academia Brasileira de Letras, the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

 

---

1996
TAM Flight 402 (Fokker 100) crashed shortly after take-off at Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, killing 99 people.

Flight 402 was a regular scheduled flight between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. There were 96 people on board, 90 of them were passengers. Shortly after take-off, the plane suffered uncontrolled reverse thrust on the starboard engine, while climbing.  As a result, the plane stalled, rolled and crashed into several buildings in an area near Congonhas. All 95 people on board as well as 4 on the ground were killed.

 

 

TAM 402
Avião da TAM cai ao tentar decolar em Congonhas (1996)	Vídeo Voo 402 da TAM 1996
Catástrofes Aéreas América Latina – Congonhas 1996	FS2004 – Simulação do voo 402

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (241): 29 augustus

Brazilian Days 241

August 29

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo

(Combat against Smoking). Quit smoking. Easier said than done. On the day that pays attention on the adverse effects of smoking habits this attention may contribute to the effort to quit smoking. The INCA website shows some facts and figures about smoking. It is estimated that about one third of the adult world population is smoker, i.e. about 1.2 billion, of which 200 million is female. A bit less than half of the masculine population (47 %), and about 12 % of the feminine population. It is estimated that about 4.9 million people die due to smoking-related causes (data 2003), which is equal to more than ten thousand smoking-related deaths on daily basis. In 2030, the number is expected to double. In Brazil, the percentage of smokers varies between 13 and 25 percent among the Brazilian capitals. It is estimated that there are 200 thousand smoking-related deaths annually.

The motto of 2007 was:

Ambiente Livre de Cigarro é Direito de Todos

Everyone has the right of a smoke-free environment.

And for 2012:

Cigarro não combina com a saúde do planeta. Nem com a sua.

Cigarettes do not match with the earth’s health. Neither with yours.

COMBAT AGAINST SMOKING
29 de Agosto – Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo 2011
29/08 Dia Nacional de Combate ao Fumo	PARE DE FUMAR! O cigarro é um veneno mortal. imagens fortes

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Dia do Vaqueiro

(Cowboy). In 2004, this day was introduced by law. The idea for this day was the first cowboy parade in União, on August 29, 1944. União is at a short distance from Teresina, capital of the state of Piauí. This festival now is considered the largest cowboy festival in Brazil, with more than one thousand participants. União is also the city of the patron of the Vaqueiros, José Serafim, who founded the first Brazilian Society for Vaqueiros in 1984.

 

VAQUEIROS
Documentario Vaqueiros de União	A dura rotina do vaqueiro
Barras comemora dia do vaqueiro	Procissão dos Vaqueiros – Barras – 2010
Globo Rural – Encontro de Vaqueiros em Aroazes-PI	Alcimar Monteiro – Vaqueiro Nordestino
Dia do Vaqueiro

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1730
Birth of Antônio Francisco Lisboa (1730-1814), better known as Aleijadinho.

Aleijadinho is considered as one of the most influential Brazilian artist, but there exists serious doubts, if he has existed. There are sources that state that the government of Getúlio Vargas had created the legend. To serve as a Brazilian prototype: From mixed descendent (Portuguese father and African mother), disabled (he had to deal with the symptoms of leprosy, at a later age), moody, but above all capable to show his talents. Works of Aleijadinho – the ‘little cripple’ – are predominantly found in the historic cities of Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, Mariana, Congonhas, Sabará, São João del Rei. Especially the statues of the twelve prophets, of soft soapstone, in front of the Sanctuary de Bom Jesus de Matosinhos, in Congonhas, are very famous. With the help of his assistants (his hands and feet were severely malformed) the artist sculpted the statues in a period of five years. Other masterpieces of Aleijadinho in Congonhas are the 66 statues of the Passion, he spent ten years on it.

ALEIJADINHO
Aleijadinho	Via Sacra-Aleijadinho
O Aleijadinho – Documentário	Os Doze Profetas, Aleijadinho
Os 12 Profetas

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1825
Recognition of the independence of Brazil by Portugal.

The recognition was a fact, almost three years after the declaration of the independence by the then crown prince Pedro, on September 7, 1822. A long and bloody independence war followed. Only after mediation by the British Empire, the Portuguese king Dom João VI signed the alliance and friendship treaty with his former colony Brazil, thereby recognizing the independence. As a prize, Brazil had to pay two million pounds that Portugal owed the British Empire. Portugal was not the first nation that recognized Brazil. The United States were the first nation, in 1824. Then followed by Mexico, Argentina, and France. Immediately after the Portuguese recognition, the British Empire, and later other European nations recognized the independence of Brazil.

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1852
Start of the construction of the first railway connection in Brazil, the Estrada de Ferro Mauá.

In Europe, and in the United States thousands of kilometers of railways were constructed in the second half of the 19th century. Brazil could not lag behind. Good railway connections could transport, for example, the coffee harvest, to the harbors in a cheaper and faster way. In 1828, a law came into effect, which stimulated the construction of railway connections between the major cities. In 1835, it was made possible to obtain concessions of a railway connection, for a period of forty years. In July 1852, interest upon the investments was promised. The latter provided the ultimate impulse to the construction of the first railway. The famous Brazilian entrepreneur Irineu Evangelista de Souza, (1813-1889), later honored with the title Baron de Mauá, took the initiative to the construction of a railway from Rio de Janeiro in the direction of Petrópolis, a short track of 15 kilometers. On April 30, 1854, the track was inaugurated by emperor Pedro II.

Baronesa

Brazilian railway system

BRAZILIAN RAILWAYS
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Globo Repórter a História das Ferrovias no Brasil
Primeira ferrovia do Brasil, fundada pelo Barão de Mauá	Infraestrutura ferroviária no Brasil

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1853
Separation of the state of Paraná from the state of São Paulo.

Emperor Dom Pedro II signed the law that created the state of Paraná. Paraná is Guarani for ‘mighty river’, and this river is indeed impressive, when witnessing the famous waterfalls of Foz do Iguaçu. The creation of the new state also marked the start of the exploration of Paraná by a flood of European (Polish, German, and Italian) and Asian migrants. Curitiba became the new capital of the state.

  
Brazilian map in 1853

State of Paraná

PARANÁ (PR)
PARANÁ NO CENTENÁRIO (1953)	Hino do Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 1 – Indígenas paranaenses	História do Paraná – Aula 2 – Reduções espanholas
História do Paraná – Aula 3 – Ocupação do Primeiro Planalto	História do Paraná – Aula 4 – Ocupação dos Campos Gerais
História do Paraná – Aula 5 – Caminhos e tropeirismo	História do Paraná – Aula 6 – Erva mate e madeira
História do Paraná – Aula 7 – Emancipação política	História do Paraná – Aula 8 – Escravidão no Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 9 – Imigração	História do Paraná – Aula 10 – Revolução Federalista e o Paraná
História do Paraná – Aula 11- Questão de Palmas	Turismo / Governo do Paraná

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1903
Registration of the first automobile in Brazil.

In Rio de Janeiro, the car of Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio became registered. Interesting is the claim that the time of the registration was quite unfortunate, when considered astrologically. According to this claim, there is a link between this time of registration and the large number of road accidents in Brazil.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilië inBeelden 246: Profeet Jonas in Congonhas, MG (2009)

Een persoonlijke selectie van foto´s en hun verhalen.

246: Profeet Jonas

De historische stad Congonhas is vermaard vanwege de spekstenen standbeelden van twaalf profeten, twee eeuwen geleden gebeeldhouwd door Aleijadinho. Deze beelden bevinden zich voor de Santuário de Bom Jesus de Matosinhos. Opvallend genoeg vormen de eerste letters van de profeten de naam Aleijadinho. En een van deze profeten is Jonas, die door God was bevolen naar de stad Ninivé te gaan, maar hij weigerde. Als gevolg werd hij verzwolgen door een walvis, maar hij overleefde het. Hij ging alsnog naar het doorde Assyriërs gedomineerde Ninivé. Het moraal van dit verhaal is vergevingsgezindheid. De profeet kijkt omhoog, in de lucht, alsof hij met God aan het communiceren was. Toen ik deze door weer en wind verweerde beelden aanschouwde, vroeg ik me af hoe deze beelden eruit zouden hebben gezien ten tijde van hun voltooiing, zo’n tweehonderd jaar geleden.

 

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2009, 2017

Brazilië inBeelden 203: Twaalf Profeten in Congonhas, MG (2009)

Een persoonlijke selectie van foto´s en hun verhalen.

203. Twaalf profeten

 

AUGUSTUS 2009: Twaalf profeten

Deelstaat Minas Gerais herbergt een aantal zeer interessante historische stadjes: Ouro Preto, Mariana, Diamantina, Tiradentes, Sabará, São João del Rei en Congonhas. Congonhas, gelegen aan de historische route ‘Estrada Real’ tussen Diamantina en Rio de Janeiro, staat bekend om het heiligdom, de basiliek Bom Jesus de Matosinhos, de standbeelden van twaalf profeten, en de zes kapellen met de zeven voorstellingen van de Kruisweg. Het heiligdom staat op de Werelderfgoedlijst van de UNESCO. De profeten – Jesaja, Jeremia, Baruch, Ezechiël, Daniël, Hosea, Joel, Obadja, Amos, Jona, Nahum en Habakuk – en de kruisweg zijn gebeeldhouwd in Barokstijl door meester-beeldhouwer Aleijadinho. De spekstenen beelden van de profeten zijn door de tand des tijds behoorlijk aangetast; hoe zouden de beelden hebben eruitgezien aan het begin van de achttiende eeuw, toen ze net gebeeldhouwd waren?

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2009, 2016

Historisch Minas Gerais: Congonhas (13). De Twaalf Profeten XII: Naum (Nahum)

Congonhas, MG (13)
De 12 Profeten: Naum (Nahum)

(Click here for the English version)

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Congonhas is een kleine historische stad op 75 km ten zuiden van Belo Horizonte, langs de snelweg naar Rio de Janeiro. De stad staat bekend om de beeldhouwwerken van Aleijadinho.
13. De profeten van Aleijadinho: profeet Naum (Nahum).
Naum (Nahum, de ‘trooster’) was de zevende van de ‘kleine profeten’. Naum voorspelde de ondergang van de stad Ninive.

 

Naum

Naum is de zevende van de kleine profeten. Nahum (‘trooster’) moet in de achtste eeuw voor de jaartelling geleefd hebben. Zijn profetiën verhalen over de ondergang van Ninive, de hoofdstad van het toen nog bloeiende Assyrische Rijk. De ommuurde, onneembaar geachte stad viel echter ten prooi aan een grote brand binnen de muren. Deze brand luidde de ondergang van het Assyrische Rijk in. Volgens het boek van Nahum was de stad Ninive in de ogen van God een bloedige stad vol leugens, bedrog en diefstal. De ondergang van het rijk was tegens door Nums voorganger Jonas voorspeld.

Op het schild dat bij Naum is geplaatst staat de volgende spreuk:

“Expono Nini/

Uen Maneat/

Qua Poena/

Relapsam.

Evertedam/

Aio Funditus/

Assyriam

Nahum/C.1″.

(“Exponho que o castigo espera Nínive pecadora. Declaro que a Assíria será completamente destruída. Naum cap.1”).
(‘Ik voorspel de kastijding die het zondige Ninive kan verwachten. Ik zeg u dat Assyrië compleet wordt vernietigd’)

 

Oude man

Naum is het meest rechtse standbeeld van de beeldengroep van de profeten. Hij is afgebeeld als een oude man, met een lange baard die een groot deel van zijn verweerd gelaat bedekt. Naum is gekleed in een lang, dichtgeknoopt gewaad. Gezien de afwerking van het beeld, is het waarschijnlijk dat Aleijadinho dit beeld aan zijn ‘atelier’ overliet.

 

 

bronnen:
Congonhas site
Studieproject Congonhas
Bible Gateway

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2012, 2017
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Historisch Minas Gerais: Congonhas (12). De Twaalf Profeten XI: Habacuc (Habakuk)

Congonhas, MG (12)
De 12 Profeten: Habacuc (Habakuk)

(Click here for the English version)

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Congonhas is een kleine historische stad op 75 km ten zuiden van Belo Horizonte, langs de snelweg naar Rio de Janeiro. De stad staat bekend om de beeldhouwwerken van Aleijadinho.
12. De profeten van Aleijadinho: profeet Habacuc (Habakuk).

Habacuc (Habakuk, de ‘zeer geliefde’) is de achtste van de twaalf kleine profeten. Habacucs profetieën gaan over de opkomst en het verval van de Chaldeeërs, de overheersers van de Israëlieten.

 

Habacuc

Habacuc, in het Nederlands Habakuk (waarschijnlijke betekenis “de zeer geliefde”), is de achtste van de twaalf kleine profeten. Over het leven van Habakuk is zeer weinig bekend. Hij moet in de zevende eeuw voor de jaartelling hebben geleefd. Waarschijnlijk ten tijde van koning Jeoachim, toen de Babyloniërs machtiger werden. De profetiën van Habakuk gaan over de opkomst en verval van de Chaldeeërs, overheersers van de Israëlieten.  Het boek van Habakuk – de eerste twee hoofstukken zijn teruggevonden in de Dode Zeerollen – is verdeeld in drie hoofdstukken. Het eerste hoofdstuk is het contact tussen de profeet en Yahweh, de profeet twijfelt aan de wijsheid van de laatste. Het tweede hoofstuk openbaart de straffingen voor zowel de Israëlieten als de Chaldeeërs. Het derde hoofdstuk is een bloemlezing, waarin Habakuk zijn onvoorwaardelijke trouw aan  Yahweh beschrijft.

 

Op het schild dat bij Habacuc is geplaatst staat de volgende spreuk:

“Te Babylon,/

Babylon,Te te/

Chaldæe te/

Arguo: Te in/

Psalmis Te Deus/

Almecano.

Habacuc/

Cap.1″.

(“Ó Babilônia, Babilônia, eu te arguo ó tirano da Caldéia: mas ti, ó Deus benigno; canto em salmos. Habacuc, cap.1”).

(O Babylonië, Babylonië, ik twist met u over de tirannie van de Chaldeeërs: Maar u, goede God, ik bezing u)

 

Beeld

Het beeld heeft veel overeenkomsten met die van Jeremias, Ezequiel, Oséias, Joel en Jonas. De kleding van Habacuc komt overeen met die van Naum en Jonas. Op het hoofd van de profeet is een ingewikkeld gewikkelde tulband. Het standbeeld is hoogstwaarschijnlijk door meester Aleijadinho zelf vervaardigd, gezien de vele meesterlijke details.

 

 

bronnen:
Congonhas site
Studieproject Congonhas
Bible Gateway

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2012, 2017
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