Braziliaanse Dagen (330): 26 november

Brazilian Days 330

November 26

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Ministério Público

(Public Procecutor’s Office). Since Brazil is a federal state, the country has a large network of prosecutor’s offices. The Federal Office is the Ministério Público da União MPU), which consists of  Ministério Público Federal (MPF), Ministério Público do Trabalho (labor’s rights), Ministério Público Militar (MPM) and the Ministério Público do Distrito Federal e Territórios (MPDFT). The MPU and the prosecutor’s offices of the Brazilian states together are the  Ministério Publico brasileiro. On 26 November 1993, Lei Complementar n. 734, was introduced in the state of São Paulo.

Video about MPF (Portuguese)

   

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1993

Death of conductor, composer and musician César Guerra-Peixe (1914-1993)

CÉSAR GUERRA-PEIXE
Linha do tempo relembra maestro César Guerra-Peixe	César Guerra-Peixe: Sinfonia n.2 “Brasilia” (1960)
César Guerra-Peixe: Tributo a Portinari (1991)	César Guerra-Peixe: Suite Sinfônica n.1 “Paulista” (1955)

  

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1845

Curitiba elevated to the status of capital of the province of Paraná.

CURITIBA (PR)
Welcome to Curitiba!	A CIDADE DE CURITIBA
UM PASSEIO POR CURITIBA	Curitiba Antiga

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1907

Attack of Lavras (Ceará) by Colonel Gustavo Lima, thereby defeating his brother Honório.

  

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1934

Start of the first Brazilian oil refinery, the Destilaria Rio-Grandense de Petróleo, in Rio Grande do Sul.

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1964

Resignation of Mauro Borges Teixeira, governor of Goiás.

The governor (1920-2013), in office since 1961, initially supported the 1964 military coup. Since he strongly supported he candidacy of Castello Branco for the presidency of Brazil. This action ignited strong opposition of the other candidate, Costa e Silva, and eventually resulted in the federal intervention in the state of Goiás, and the forced resignation of the governor.

MAURO BORGES
Mauro Borges e o governo de Goiás	Trailer – Resistência.doc (versão com créditos)
Mauro Borges – 80 anos	Morre o ex-governador Mauro Borges

  

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1993

Death of actor, composer and singer Grande Otelo.

Grande Otelo, born as Sebastião Bernardes de Souza Prata was born in Uberlândia (MG) in 1915. Sebastião had to deal with tragedies in his life, as his father was stabbed to death and his mother was an alcohol addict. As an orphan he quit many host families until his career was settled. His wife killed his six-year-old son before she killed herself. Despite the tragedies, Grande Otelo participated in many movies, comedy acts (he became famous with actor Oscarito), and novelas (Brazilian soap series). He was considered as one of Brazil’s greatest artistic talents. He died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 78, when he was on his way to Paris, about to be honored at the Cannes film Festival.

GRANDE OTELO
A Memória Do Inesquecível Grande Otelo	Romeu e Julieta – Oscarito e Grande Otelo
Vox Populi | Grande Otelo | 06/05/1978	Grande Otelo 1957 “Mágoa de Sambista”
Grande Otelo (1970) – Quem Tem Medo da Verdade?	Grande Otelo – Ensaio

    

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2014
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Braziliaanse Dagen (329): 25 november

Brazilian Days 329

November 25

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional do Doador Voluntário de Sangue

(Brazilian Blood Donor Day). This day was introduced per decree 53,988, issued by president Castello Branco, on 30 June 1964. The World Donor Day is on 14 June, as established by the World Health Organization in 2004. Less than two percent of the Brazilian population is a voluntary blood donor, well below the 3-4 percent goal of the World Health Organization. About 87 percent of the 3.6 million blood units donated annually in Brazil, is from volunteers.

BLOOD DONATION
Campanha do Dia Nacional dos Doadores Voluntários de Sangue	Vídeo de sensibilização para doação de sangue – Fundação Pró-Sangue

  

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Dia Internacional para a Eliminação da Violência contra a Mulher

(International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women). The day refers to the assassination of three of the four Mirabal Sisters, political activists known as Las Mariposas, in the Dominican Republic in 1960, on orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.  The sisters and the driver were ambushed by Trujillo’s henchmen and clubbed to death. Their vehicle was run off the mountain to look like an accident. On 20 December 1993 the General Assembly, by resolution 48/104, adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. By resolution 54/134 of 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. This day also marks the start of the 16-day period of 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence Campaign, until 10 December, Human Rights Day. The color orange symbolizes this initiative.

MIRABAL SISTERS AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Vejaciones y Asesinatos Dictadura de Trujillo	Documental Las Mariposas: Las Hermanas Mirabal
Las Hermanas Mirabal	The Story of the Mirabal Sisters
International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women (25 november)	Dia Internacional para a Eliminação da Violência contra a Mulher 2014

  

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1641
Start of the Dutch invasion of Maranhão, as ordered by Maurício de Nassau.

  

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1954
Juscelino Kubitschek put forward as presidential candidate.

During a meeting of the Diretório Nacional, the Partido Social-Democata  (PSD: Social Democratic Party) decided to put forward Juscelino Kubitschek as presidential candidate.

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1955
Declaration – per decree – of State of Siege by Nereu Ramos.

Ramos was president of the Senate, who succeeded former president of the Chamber of Deputees, Carlos Coimbra Luz as president of Brazil. Ramos was president of Brazil until the installation of Juscelino Kubitschek in 1956. The state of siege was then lifted.

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1964
The Fourth Salão do Automóvel commemorated the milestone of one million cars produced in Brazil.

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1970

Approval of cremation

The Câmara dos Deputados (Chamber of Deputees) authorized the cremation of corpses for those who explicitly expressed this wish.

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1974

Discovery of an oil field in bacia (basin) of Campos, near the state of Rio de Janeiro, by Petrobrás.

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1996
Darcy Alves Pereira, murderer of union leader Chico Mendes, arrested after having having been on the run for more than three years.

CHICO MENDES
A história de Chico Mendes Documentário	Chico Mendes and the Fight to Save the Amazon Rainforest

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1996

A prosecutor denounced eleven officers of the São Paulo Civil Police for torture and constraints.

The police officers were involved in the Bodega Bar case, in which a student and a dentist were murdered. The eleven policemen were accused of torture and constraints of eleven men and a security guard.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2014
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Braziliaanse Dagen (328): 24 november

Brazilian Days 328

November 24

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DAY OF:

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Dia Mundial do Vovô

(Grandfather). In Brazil, the grandparent’s day was celebrated on 26 July, the feast day of the saints Ana and Joaquim, parents of Maria, grandparents of Jesus. Some sources mention 26 July as Dia da Vovó (grandmother) and 24 November as Dia do Vovô (grandfather).

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Dia Nacional dos Rios

(Rivers).

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Dia do Quadro Auxiliar de Oficiais

(Officers’ Support Unit). This army unit was created per presidential decree (84.333) on 20 December 1979. Antônio João Ribeiro had been chosen as patron of this army unit. Lieutenant Antônio João Ribeiro, born on 23 November 1823, was leading a small reconnaissance unit of 15 soldiers, in order to gather information of the advancing Paraguayan invasion army, at the start of the Paraguayan War. He ordered to have the civilians evacuated and fought against the invaders until his death on 29 December 1964. His famous words were:

Sei que morro, mas meu sangue e o dos meus companheiros servirá de protesto solene contra a invasão do solo de minha Pátria.
I know that I’ll die, but my blood and that of my comrades will serve as a solemn protest against the invasion of my motherland.

  

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1631
Olinda (PE) set on fire by Dutch invaders.

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1825
Departure of Dom Pedro I to participate in the Platina War, in Uruguay.

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1861
Birth of poet João Cruz e Sousa.

  

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1935
Soldiers of the ANL (Aliança Nacional Libertadora) seized power in Recife during the  Intentona Comunista (Communist Conspiracy),

Intentona Comunista, also known as Revolta Vermelha de 35 (the 1935 Red Uprising) or Levante Comunista (Comunist Uprising), started in November 1935 with a coup attempt against President Getúlio Vargas. The uprising started in Natal, extended to Recife, and ended in Rio de Janeiro. The ANL, led by Luis Carlos Prestes, gained little support from the people and the army. The rebels were defeated, and as a result the state of siege was declared by Vargas at the end of 1935. He managed to strengthen his power and remained in office until 1945

  

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1937
Federal intervention in all Brazilian states – except Minas Gerais – per decree by president Getúlio Vargas. 

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By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (327): 23 november

Brazilian Days 327

November 23

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional de Combate a Dengue

(Combat against Dengue). Dengue, also called breakbone fever, is a tropical disease that is spread by mosquitoes. This mosquito type, Aedes aegypti, most commonly bit at dusk or dawn, and has a breeding preference in stagnant water. In Brazil, dengue was almost eliminated in the 80’s of the past century, However, dengue has made a come-back and causes various epidemics throughout the country. At present, no cure has been provided effective yet, but the treatment has been improved greatly. According to Lei (Act) Nº 12.235 of 19 May 2010, the day that commemorates the combat against dengue, is held on the penultimate Saturday of November.

  

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Dia Nacional de Combate ao Câncer Infantil

(Combat against Childhood Cancer). This day was introduced according to Lei (Act) Nº 11.650 of 4 April 2008, with the intention to promote educational and cancer prevention activities, related to childhood cancer, as well as to debate scientific progress regarding childhood cancer.

 

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Dia Mundial da Aquarela

(World Watercolor Day). The day was created by Mexican plastic artist Alfredo Guati Rojo (1918-2003) on 23 November 1994. Alfredo was founder of the Instituto de Arte de México (Mexican Arts Institute) in 1954, and the Museo Nacional de la Acuarela in 1967.

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1823
Brazilian politicians went to into exile in France, after their conflict with emperor Dom Pedro.

On 12 November 1823, Dom Pedro had dissolved the constituent assembly, and called for new elections.

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1891
Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca stepped down as President of Brazil.

The marshal, who had become the first president of Brazil, didn’t want to risk a civil war in Brazil, and he therefore stepped down.

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1955
National Congress blocked the return of President João Fernandes Café Filho, after his sick leave.

The congress and the military leaders feared that Café Filho wouldn’t allow president-elect Juscelino Kubitschek to take the oath of office. Café Filho left office on 9 November, and was succeeded by the head of the Chamber of Deputies, Carlos Luz. Luz had to leave office only two days later, since it was feared that he was part of a plot to block Kubitschek to become President. Luz was succeeded by the Senate’s President, Nereu Ramos, until 31 January 1956, when Kubitschek was sworn in as President.

  

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1982
Death of composer, singer, comedian and actor Adoniran Barbosa (1910-1982)

Son of Italian migrants, Adoniran was born on 6 August 1910 in São Paulo. His real name was João Rubinato. He started to work as a textile salesman. In 1934, he won the first prize in a carnival song contest in São Paulo. In 1941, he started to work for Rádio Record, as a comedian and DJ. In 1951, he recorded his first success, ‘Saudosa Maloca’. One of his most famous recording was ‘Trem das Onze’ (1964). One of his final compositions was ‘Tiro ao Álvaro’, recorded by Elis Regina.

ADONIRAN BARBOSA
Adoniran Barbosa – Saudosa maloca (1955)	Adoniran Barbosa – Trem das onze (1964)
Adoniran Barbosa [1974] Completo full album	Elis Regina & Adoniran Barbosa – Tiro ao álvaro

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1954
Inauguration of Maracanãzinho Stadium, Rio de Janeiro.

The indoor arena, located next to the immense Maracanã Soccer stadium, has a capacity of 11.800 people. In 1955, the president of Flamengo  died shortly after a thrilling basketball final, in which his Flamengo was the winner. The gymnasium was then renamed into Ginásio Gilberto Cardoso. The gymnasium has hosted various international sports events, including two basketball world championships (1954 and 1963), a volleyball world championship (1990), and a judo world championship (2013). The arena also hosted many shows of Brazilian and international singers and bands, such as Deep Purple, Metallica, The Police, Genesis, Roberto Carlos, Lulu Santos, Legião Urbana.

  

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By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (326): 22 november

Brazilian Days 326

November 22

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DAY OF:

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Dia (Universal) da Música/ Dia do Músico

(Music/ Musician). The World Music Day was on 21 June already. Music, arts of the Muses. Maybe some among us may know that St. Cecilia is the patron saint of (religious) music and musicians. There exists a tight link between St. Cecilia  and music, since she ‘had heard divine music inside her heart’, when she was married. According to the legend, St. Cecilia was a Roman girl whose marriage had been arranged. She prayed intensely to have her virginity kept intact, and she told her husband that she had an guardian angel who guarded her virginity. Her husband converted himself, and he saw an apparition of an angel surrounded by fire. He and his brother got arrested and died as martyrs. Also Cecilia was arrested and locked up in a bath, which was heated to boiling temperature. She stayed cool, as if something was protecting her. An executioner was sent to behead her, but he didn’t succeed. Cecilia, bleeding, stayed alive for three more days. Believers collected her blood and guarded that as relics.

St. Cecilia

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Dia da Liberdade

(Freedom). Without clear sources….

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1910
Chibata Revolt.

Chibata is Portuguese for lash. The lash had been used for punishing marines. Since the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889, this punishment was abolished, but was reintroduced one year later. At the moment that marine soldier Marcelino Menzenes, at the battleship “Minas Gerais”, was about to be punished, the marines started their revolt. This revolt apparently had been prepared months before. Soon, the revolting marines took command of the other battleships in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. In order to try to enforce their demands (end of capital punishments and better meals), the cannons of the captured ships had been aimed to the city of Rio de Janeiro. There was no other option for President Hermes de Fonseca and his governent (seated in Rio!) to give in to their demands, and grant amnesty to the the rebels. Although the chibata was no longer in use, the rebel leaders were arrested. Many of them suffered severe tortures and died. The rebel leader, João Cândido, O Almirante Negro (The Black Admiral), however survived his captivity (he became literally nuts) and was granted amnesty in 1912. He continued his life, completely anonimiously, as fish salesman in Rio. A movie had been made about the revolt:: “Memórias da Chibata”

CHIBATA REVOLT
Revolta da Chibata	Revolta da Chibata completa 100 anos
O QUE FOI A REVOLTA DA CHIBATA	A REVOLTA DA CHIBATA

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (325): 21 november

Brazilian Days 325

November 21

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Diabético

(Diabetes patient). Although the International Diabetes Day was held on 14 November, this Diabetes Day is still listed on the Brazilian calendar. On 14 November, as on many locations worldwide, various Brazilian monuments and government buildings had been illuminated by blue light. Among them, Cristo Redentor in Rio de Janeiro.

source

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Dia Nacional da Homeopatia/ Dia do Homeopata

(Brazilian Day of Homeopathy/ homeopath). This discipline of medical sciences is relatively young. Homeopathy, as we are familiar with ow, was introduced by German physician Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), at the end of the 18th century. Hahnemannn was translation a work written by Scottish physician William Cullen, when he experimented a natural treatment against malaria. This resulted in the principle of homeopathy:

SIMILIA, SIMILIBUS, CURENTUR
like cures like.

A treatment that can cause symptoms with healthy persons, might serve as a medication for sick people, in which the same symptoms have been induced. Hahnemann died in Paris at the age of 88. In 1840, French physician Benoît Jules Mure (1809-1858) arrived, together with 100 French families, in Rio de Janeiro, in order to found a colony. Benoît received the license to found his colony in Santa Catarina, on the Saí Peninsula. The day of his arrival in Saí was on 21 November. Benoît shared his knowledge about homeopathy with other physicians in Brazil. Two years later, he returned to Rio de Janeiro, where he founded Instituto Homeopático do Brasil (Brazilian Homeopathic Institute). In 1848, he returned to Europe.

 
Hahnemann (l) and Mure (r)

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Dia das Saudações

(Greetings). Greetings as eye openers, as a form of politeness. Whatever language you might learn, the greetings are covered in the first lessons. Below are the Portuguese greetings with the English translations next to them.

Saudações
Bom dia	Good morning
Boa tarde	Good day
Boa noite	Good night
Adeus	Good-bye, bye
Até logo	See you soon
Até breve	See you later
Por favor	Please
Obrigado(a)	Thank you
De nada	Your welcome
Desculpe , com licença	Excuse me
Desculpe	Sorry
Parabéns	Congratulations
Boa sorte	Good luck
Senhor	Sir
Senhora	Madam
Senhorita	Miss

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Dia da Saudade do Jornalista Falecido

(Memory of the Dead Journalist). On 21 November 1830, Italian-Brazilian liberal journalist Libero Badaró was murdered in São Paulo. See below.

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Dia Mundial da Televisão

(World Television Day). Television is a very powerful medium; it has become an essential part of our society. We usually watch TV for a couple of hours every day, and we watch the world that reaches far beyond our streets. We might zap throughout the world, easily climb the Towers of Babel. Images say a lot more than sounds can. On 17 December 1996, the United Nations General Assembly decided to introduce World Television Day on 21 November, commemorating the day in 1996, on which the first World Television Forum was held.

One world, six different TV coding systems

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1830
Journalist Líbero Badaró murdered in São Paulo.

Italian-born Giovanni Battista Libero Badaró (1798-1830) had studied Medicine, before he arrived in Brazil in 1826. In São Paulo, Giovanni founded a liberal newspaper: O Observador Constitutional. In fact, he was a republican: the political situation and the emperor were much criticized by him. During a manifestation of liberal students, Giovanni was murdered. One suspect was arrested: a member of the judicial court who apparently felt attacked by Giovanni’s newspaper. He was acquitted due to lack of evidence. Historians believe that the emperor sent the order to murder Giovanni. Emperor Pedro I became embarrassed, the murder contributed to his abdication. Few months later, he abdicated, in favor of his five-year-old son, Pedro II. Giovanni is considered as a martyr of free press. his final words were:

“Morre um liberal, mas não morre a liberdade”

A liberal dies, but the freedom lives on.

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1985
Publication of the book “Brasil: Nunca Mais”, containing a list of 444 torturers. 

In 1985, Brazil was recently freed of the dictators who had governed Brazil for 21 years. Brazilians did and don’t want to be remembered too much of that harsh period. It was quite shocking when the book with the list of 444 torturing military officers and security agents was published. Composer of this book was Dom Paulo Evaristo Arns. His data are based upon six years of research by various investigators, whose identity still is kept secret by the arch diocese of São Paulo, who took the initiative.

^bron

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1962
Presentation of Bossa Nova in New York.

American people met the Bossa Nova style, thanks to a show by João Gilberto and Tom Jobim, among others, in the renown Carnegie Hall.

For the Bossa Nova fans:

Complete list of the show in 1962
Web site about bossa nova
complete report of the show and the history of Bossa Nova and MPB

Video fragment containing explanation by Tom Jobim and example of Bossa Nova

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1984
Launch of a Sonda IV rocket.

From the – former – rocket launch base in Natal, the first  (Parangaba Project) of a series of four launches (1984-1989) wich a small two-stage  Sonda-IV rocket was performed. One of these launches failed. By means of these VLS rockets (Veículo Lançamento de Satélites) small satellites had been brought in their orbit around the earth.

 

 

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (324): 20 november

Brazilian Days 324

November 20

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Biomédico

(Medical Biologist). In 2006, a law proposal  – issued by federal deputee Lobbe Neto – was approved, to have a “Dia do Biomédico”. Medical biologists are protected by the law (Lei nº 6.684, 1979), and are obliged to have themselves registered at the regional council of medical biologists (Conselho Regional de Biomedicina; CRBM), and need to respect the strict ethic codes.

  

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Dia Universal da Criança

(Universal Children’s Day). The Brazilian Children’s Day was held on 12 October, and today is celebrated the Universal Children’s Day, introduced by the UN. On 20 November 1959, the Universal Declaration of Children’s Rights was approved by the UN General Assembly. Thirty years jaar later, the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) was approved. This convention replaces the 1959 Declaration.

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Dia em Memória das Vítimas de Acidentes de Trânsito

(World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims). In 1993, this day was introduced by Roadpeace. In 2005 the UN adopted the day, which is held on the third Sunday in November. In Brazil, there are no less than 35 thousand road traffic deaths. Or: one death every 15 minutes. Besides, more than half a million wounded are counted, of which twenty percent will suffer their injuries for the rest of their lives.

Theme for 2016:
Vital post-crash actions: Medical Care, Investigation, Justice!

Let’s make 2011-2020 a Decade to remember!

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Dia do Auditor Interno

(Internal Auditor).

  

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Dia da Industrialização da África

(Africa Industrialization Day). In 1989, this day was introduced by the UN, with the intention to make the international community become more aware of the necessity of the economic development of African nations. Also Brazil is involved, regarding the close ties with the former Portuguese colonies as Mozambique, Angola, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé. Theme for 2007 was:

Technology and Innovation for Industry –
Investing in People is Investing in the Future.

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Dia do Profissional Liberal Universitário

(Self-employed with university certificate). In Brazil, university graduates can register themselves as self-employed. For example, doctors, architects, lawyers, journalists, educators, veterinarians, sociologists, pharmacists, dentists, philosophers, and so on.

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Dia Nacional da Consciência Negra

(Self-consciousness of black people). This day coincides with the commemoration of the execution of Zumbi, de quilombo leader in Palmares (see below). Millions of slaves were transported from Africa to Brazil. They brought their African culture to Brazil, which mixed with the indigenous and European cultures. Africans also mingled with the indigenous and European colonists; their descendants are called pardos. At present, more than half of the Brazilian population is considered as pardo: their share in the entire Brazilian population will increase gradually. In contrast, the percentage of black people is decreasing, and now is below ten percent. It is a disadvantaged group: the majority lives in the poorer north-east region, and many of them have migrated to the wealthier south and south-east regions, where most of them live in slums, favelas. About 40 percent of black teenagers is at high school, whereas the percentage of white teens is about 60 percent. Racism is not common, but newspapers regularly reveal stories of racism throughout the county. Black people meet much trouble to improve themselves. This day was introduced in 1971 and is a holiday in more than two hundred Brazilian cities.

  

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1695
Death of Zumbi dos Palmares.

The word ‘zumbi’ originates from a Bantu language and can be interpreted as ‘ghost’.  We know the word better as ‘zombie’. Since 1600, runaway slaves hid themselves to faraway locations, the quilombos. One of the largest quilombos was in Palmares, on the border between the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco. The population reached a peak of more than thirty thousand people. The Portuguese as well as the Dutch colonists tried – in vain – to destroy this quilombo. In 1655,  Zumbi was born in liberty, in Palmares. However, he was captured and was taught Latin and Portuguese. His Christian name was Francisco. At the age of fifteen, he fled to Palmares. Soon thereafter, Zumbi became leader of the quilombo. Because of the possible danger of the escape of more slaves to Palmares, the quilombo was regularly attacked. Zumbi had developed himself into a respected strategist and managed, together with his people, to withstand the attacks. The quilombo was then attacked with artillery, and in 1694, Macaco, capital of Palmares, was completely destroyed. Zumbi was injured in this attack. Zumbi was betrayed, and tricked in an ambush of the troops of bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho. Zumbi fought, but was captured. He was then beheaded, and his head was exposed in Recife, as evidence that Zumbi wasn’t immortal, as many slaves were believing.

  

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1889
Recognition of the United States of Brazil by Argentina and Uruguay. 

These two southern neighboring countries were the first to recognize the new republic.

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1971
Collapse of a viaduct in Rio de Janeiro resulted in 26 dead and 22 wounded. 

The death toll (26, 28, 29, 48!) differs per website. The most reliable source is that of the Bombeiros from Rio. The viaduct ‘Elevado da Avenida Paulo de Frontin’ was almost completed, when a loud bang, followed by an enormous dust cloud shook the city.  Part of the viaduct, with a length of 122 meters, fell on two dozen cars, a truck, and a bus, when a concrete mixer rode on the newly built construction. Three years later, on 27 December 1974, the viaduct was inaugurated.

  

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (323): 19 november

Brazilian Days 323

November 19

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Bandeira Nacional

(Brazilian Flag Day). The colorful Brazilian flag is well-known. Less known are the facts about the flag. The stars represent the constellations in the southern hemisphere that was observed from Rio de Janeiro, on 15 November 1889, at 8.30 a.m. local time, the exact time of the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic. The stars represent the states and the Federal District. The most recent modification dates from 1992, when Tocantins became a new state. The flag is designed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes and Miguel Lemos, and created by Décio Vilares. Four days following the proclamation of the Republic, Benjamin Constant issued Decree no. 4, about he Brazilian flag. The motto  “Ordem e Progresso” on the flag, is a quote from Benjamin Constant:

“O amor por princípio, a ordem por base, o progresso por fim”

   

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Dia Internacional do Xadrez

(International Chess Day). Although this day isn’t included on the International Chess Federation (FIDE) calendar, the day is celebrated in South America. This day is the birthday of the first South-American chess grandmaster, José Raul Capablanca (1888-1942) from Cuba. José was one of the first unofficial grandmasters, and was chess world champion from 1921 to 1927. He is considered as one of the best players of all times. Besides playing chess, José was a diplomat and author of books about chess. José died of a cardiac arrest while he was analyzing a chess match. 

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1889
Introduction of the Seal of the Brazilian Republic.

Article 3 of Decree No. 4 – that also ratified the introduction of the Brazilian flag – details about the Seal of the Republic.

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1969
Thousandth goal scored by soccer player Pelé.

Pelé scored his thousandth goal for his team Santos in the match against Vasco (Santos won with 2-1) in the Maracanã Stadium. He scored in the 33rd minute of the second half. The match was interrupted to allow Pelé run a lap of honor.

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1709
Elevation of Recife to the status of Vila, per Carta Régia.

In 1537, Recife was founded by Portuguese colonists. Neighboring Olinda was founded two years earlier. One century later, during the Dutch invasion, the city of Olinda was set on fire and completely destroyed. The inhabitants fled to Recife. Dutch governor Maurice of Nassau built a new city, which was named after him: Mauriciópolis. This city was destroyed by the Dutch themselves when they had to give up the colony in 1654. In 1709, Recife was elevated to the status of Via by Royal Decree, and thereby gained independence from Olinda. In 1823, Recife became a city. Four years later, Recife became capital of the province of Pernambuco. Recife, now hosting more than 1.5 million inhabitants, is widely known as “Venice of Brazil”.

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1724
Death of Father Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (1685-1724), a Brazilian-Portuguese aviation pioneer. 

The priest was born in Santos (Brazil) and went to the seminary in Bahia. At the age of fifteen, he moved to Portugal, in order to complete his studies in Religious Law. Bartolomeu also studied Physics and Maths. When he was back in Brazil, he constructed a water pump, which was able to pump up river water to the abbey, where he stayed. He got the idea to use hot air to elevate objects in the air. His first experiment with a hot air balloon caught fire immediately, but his second attempt was successful: the object reached a height of four meters. This experiment was done on 5 August 1709. Because of these experiments, he gained the nickname “Padre Voador”, the flying priest. He also had stayed in Holland, were one of his inventions was registered: ” A system of lenses with which meat can be roasted by sunlight” (“Sistema de lentes para assar carne ao Sol”). Unfortunately, Father Bartolomeu became one of the many victims of the Inquisition and fled to Spain. In Toledo, he died at the age of 39.

  

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Braziliaanse Dagen (322): 18 november

Brazilian Days 322

November 18

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional de Combate ao Racismo

(Combat against racism). The UN Day of Combat against Racism is on 21 March. On that day, it is commemorated that a peaceful march against apartheid was held in South Africa in 1960. In Brazil, another Day of Combat against Racism is om 13 May. On that day, in 1888, the famous Lei Aúrea was signed by princess-regent Isabel. This law made a definitive end to slavery in Brazil, the last country in the world to end with slavery. Also today, the day is about combat against racism.

  

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Dia do Conselheiro Tutelar
(Child protection). A Conselho Tutelar is a municipal council that defends the rights and interests of children and adolescents. This independent council consists of five members that are elected by the community. The council acts according the Statute for the Child and Adolescent, and monitors the implementation and interpretation. There is another Dia do Conselheiro Titular, on 13 May, the day on which the law (Lei nº. 8.069/90) was published.

  

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1966
Foundation of Embratur.
Per Decree no. 55, Empresa Brasileira de Turismo (Embratur) was founded. Tourism has become an important industry, also for Brazil. The relatively big distance between Europe and the United States make many people hesitate to visit Brazil. About six million tourists vist Brazil annually. Not surprisingly, most tourists visit Brazil during Carnival.

“Define a política nacional de turismo, cria o Conselho Nacional de Turismo e a Empresa Brasileira de Turismo e dá outras providências”. (decreto-lei no 55)
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1930
Foundation of the Brazilian Order van Lawyers.
The Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) was founded per decree (Decreto n.º 19.408, art 17), issued by President Getúlio Vargas. Vargas was head of the Privisional Government, which ruled the country after the military coup. All lawyers are obliged to have themselves registered at the OAB.

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1814
Death of sculptor Aleijadinho (1730-1814).
Antônio Francisco Lisboa, better known as Aleijadinho, had a Portuguese father and a slave as his mother. He is considered as the most significant Brazilian artist of the Baroque Era. Most of his creations are located in the cities of Ouro Preto and Congonhas (MG). See for an overview of his works: Museu do Aleijadinho

ALEIJADINHO
Aleijadinho, parte 1	Aleijadinho, parte 2
Aleijadinho, parte 3	Aleijadinho, parte 4

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1960
WBA world boxing title (bantam weight) for Éder Jofre (1936) 
In Los Angeles, Éder beat Mexican boxer Eloy Sanchez with a knock-out. In 1956, he participated at the Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne. Shortly thereafter, he started his professional career. From 1960 to 1965, Éder was WBA world champion. Éder is one of the few boxers with fifty or more knock-outs in his career. Following his professional boxing career, Éder worked as a boxing coach and now owns a number of supermarkets.

ÉDER JOFRE
HOMENAGEM – 54 anos do primeiro título mundial de Éder Jofre	Eder Jofre vs Eloy Sanchez 1960 11 18
EDER JOFRE – O GRANDE CAMPEAO	Aos 78 anos, lutador Éder Jofre enfrenta o drama da perda da memória

 

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Braziliaanse Dagen (321): 17 november

Brazilian Days 321

November 17

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Criatividade

(Creativity). Creativity made man evolve to the modern man. Creativity is, among others, responsible for inventions. A person may be creative or develop some creativity, but inventors may be considered as official creative people. They manage to observe the elements around us, in order to use them, with their unique talent, into something practical. They also are able to improve, in a very creative way, things around us, giving us even more comfort.

   

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Dia da Sociedade Teosófica

(Theosophical Society). On 17 November 1875, the Theosophical Society was founded in New York by Russian Helena Petrovna Balavatsky, and the Americans Henry Steel Olcott and William Quan Judge, and few others. Madame Blavatsky was the first Russian woman to be naturalized as an American citizen, and brought spiritual wisdom of the East and that of the ancient Western mysteries to the Modern West. Her writings became the first exposition of what is today known as modern Theosophy.
But theosophy, which may be translated as ‘divine wisdom’, is older. The word ‘theosophy’ was already used by Alexandrian Neo-Platonic philosophers during the 3rd to the 6th century of our era. In course of time, more intellectuals taught theosophy.
According to Vaughan, a theosophist is one who gives you a theory of God or the works of God, which has not revelation, but an inspiration of his own for its basis. At present the theosophical society is active in more than 70 countries. Curiously, the symbol contains the Swastika, Star of David, Ankh, Aum and Ouroboros symbols.

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Dia Internacional do Estudante

(International Students’ Day). The date commemorates the anniversary of the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of Prague after demonstrations against the killing of Jan Opletal and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, and the execution of nine student leaders, over 1200 students sent to concentration camps, and the closing of all Czech universities and colleges.The date was fist held in London in 1941 by the International Students’ Council, and eventually by its successor International Union of Students. Another event happened on November 17, in 1973. The Athens Polytechnic uprising against the Greek military junta came to a climax, with a violent crackdown and a tank crushing the gates of the university. The 1989 Prague demonstrations for International Students Day helped spark the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.

    

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1889
Departure of the Imperial Family to France

One day earlier, on 16 November, former Emperor Dom Pedro II received a personal message that he and his family must leave Brazil, according to decree no. 2. The family left Rio de Janeiro at dawn, and went on board of the merchant vessel ‘Alagoas’.

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1945
Engineer Iedo Fiúza put forward as presidential candidate, by the Brazilian Communist Party

Iedo (or Yedo) Fiuza, born in Porto Alegre, served as mayor in Petrópolis. In 1945, Yedo was an independent anti-militarist presidential candidate, with the support of the Partido Comunista Brasileiro. Yedo surprised many political activists by gaining half a million votes.

Fiúza (l) and Luis Carlos Prestes (r)

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1959
Death of composer Heitor Villa-Lobos

Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959), from Rio de Janeiro, is considered as one of the most influential Brazilian composers in the 20th century. His works are influenced by European tradition and by various Brazilian cultures and traditions, which he had observed during his many travels through Brazil. He also stayed in Paris, with the intention to exhibit his exotic sound world. Notable works of Heitor are ‘Bachianas Brasileiras’ and ‘Chóros’. He died in Rio at the age of 72.

VILLA-LOBOS
The Best of Villa-Lobos	Heitor Villa-Lobos – Bachianas Brasileiras, No. 1 Complete
Heitor Villa-Lobos: Choros n.12 (1929)	Documentário “Índio de Casaca” – Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959)

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1903
Treaty of Petrópolis ended conflict between Brazil and Bolivia

During the rubber boom era, the then Bolivian territory of Acre was much desired by both Brazil and Bolivia. They treaty ceded Acre to Brazil, in return for a large sum of money and the concession of the construction of a new railway that would connect Brazil with Bolivia: the Madeira-Marmoré Railway, which would facilitate rubber exports from Bolivia and Brazil.

  

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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