(Parachutist). On 22 October 1797, Frenchman André-Jacques Garnerin (1769-1823) made the first successful parachute jump, from a balloon at an altitude of 670 meters, in Paris. The balloon was constructed according to a model of Leonardo da Vinci. In London, he jumped from an altitude of 2400 meters.
PARACHUTISM
Feliz Dia Do Paraquedista!
Programa Expressão – Dia Do Paraquedista
Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute.
Dia da Praça
(Square). The day is listed in any calendar, but little attention is paid to this event.
Dia do Radioamador
(Radio amateur). Until 1968, 22 October was the Brazilian Day of the Radio Amateur. this day was to commemorate the foundation of Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão (LABRE; Brazilian Radio Amateurs League) in 1934. From 1968, the day was moved to 5 November, to commemorate the publication of Decree 16,657, which regulated the stations of existing radio amateurs in Brazil, which were considered to be illegal until then. The International Radio Amateur Day is on 18 April, the foundation day of the IARU: International Amateur Radio Union (1925).
Dia Internacional de Atenção à Gagueira
(International Stuttering Awareness Day). This day was introduced in 1998, by the International Stuttering Association. Millions of people worldwide have speech disorder or stuttering. It is estimated that about ten million Brazilians have to deal with some form of stuttering in lifetime. Of them, about two million suffer a chronic form of stuttering (which can last months or years).
Themes for 2012 are:
Tenho muito a dizer
A Voice and Something to Say
STUTTERING
Stammering and International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD)
DIA MUNDIAL DE ATENÇÃO À GAGUEIRA
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1908 Death of playwright, poet, journalist and writer Artur de Azevedo (1855-1908)
Artur was born on 7 July 1855 in São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão. At young age, Artur showed interest for theater, and already in 1872, he published his first theater piece: Amor por Anexins. He was fired when he published satirical work directed against the government. Artur moved to Rio de Janeiro, to work there as an amanuensis. He also became Portuguese teacher and started his journalist career as a theater critic. Artur wrote numerous articles, mainly about theater. His theater pieces ‘Véspera de Reis‘ and ‘A Capital Federal‘. He was the older brother of writer Aluísio Azevedo. They both were members of the Brazilian Academy of Literature (29th and 4th seat, respectively).
ARTUR AZEVEDO
AUDIOLIVRO: Contos diversos de Artur Azevedo
AUDIOLIVRO: “Amor por anexins”, de Artur de Azevedo
Artur de Azevedo – Como o Diabo as arma (audiobook).
Artur de Azevedo – A filosofia do Mendes (audiobook).
1954 Death of journalist and poet Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954)
José Oswald de Andrade Souza was born on 11 January 1890 in São Paulo. At early age, Oswald became fascinated with the new technological advances, such as the radio, the cinema, the electrical tram. In 1912, he made his first of various travels to Europe. Oswald was one of the founders of Brazilian Modernism, In 1922, he participated in the Semana de Arte Moderna (Week of Modern Art) which marked the start of Modernism in Brazil. Oswald is widely known for his criticisms of Brazilian nationalism. His manifest ‘Manifesto Antrópofago‘ (1928) criticizes Brazilian cannibalism of other cultures, as a way for Brazil to assert itself against European post-colonial cultural domination. ‘Tupi or not Tupi, that is the question’ (referring to the cannibalist Tupi indian tribe), has become an iconic line.
OSWALD DE ANDRADE
Oswald de Andrade – Completo.
Oswald de Andrade
Semana de Arte Moderna
SALA DE LEITURA – Manifesto Antropófago – Oswald de Andrade
1807 Secret agreement that allowed the move of the Portuguese Crown to Brazil.
1912 Start of the Contestado War (1912-1916)
The Guerra do Contestado occurred in the southern states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, between settler and land owners. The latter were backed by governmental forces. Construction of a railroad from São Paulo to .Rio Grande de Sul generated disputes about the ownership of the margins along the railroad. When the construction was ended, railroad workers became jobless, whereas the land flanking the railroad was claimed by the railroad company. Social unrestand rebellion followed, in an area that was disputed by the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Government troops were sent to suppress the rebellion, but they met fierce resistance. As a result, there were bloody confrontations, with the rebels gaining some terrain. The Federal Government sent General Setembrino de Carvalho to pacify the region at any cost. Complete villages were destroyed, the rebellions were slaughtered. Only in August 1916, with the capture of the rebellion leader, Adeodato, the war was ended. As a result, an agreement was reached about the border between the two southern states.
CONTESTADO WAR
Guerra do Contestado I
Guerra do Contestado II
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 1
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 2
Guerra do Contestado – Programa “Meu Paraná” – RPC
(Highway Patrol). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on 23 July 1935. He and his colleagues were called ‘Inspetores de Tráfego’ (Traffic Inspectors). In 1945 the unit was called Policia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). In 1988, the PRF was assigned to control the Brazilian highways (more than 61 thousand km). Since 1991, the PRF is linked to the Brazilian Department of Justice. Yesterday, it was the Day of the Highway Patrol Man, today it is the day of the Highway Patrol.
(Electric Illumination in Brazil). On 24 July 1883, public electric illumination was introduced for the first time in South America, in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ). See below.
Dia do Calouro
(Freshman).During the first week(s) of a new academic semester (in February/ March or August), freshmen undergo the traditional haze.During these ‘calouro’ days the freshmen are decorated with paint in various colors: their faces, hair, arms, legs, clothes. It is not uncommon that these freshmen walk barefoot and beg money from bystanders in the streets. Some faculties also allow throwing eggs. One semester later, these freshmen can take their revenge.
1954 Martha Rocha (1936) from Bahia became second at Miss Universe contest.
The contest was won by the American Miriam Stevenson. Blonde hair, blue eyes. It is not unthinkable that Martha has started this beauty ideal that Brazilian men still have. Martha is from a very conservative family with eleven children. Through a contact of a local newspaper, she was enlisted to the Miss Bahia contest, and she won. Then she clearly won the Miss Brazil title. Martha finished second at the Miss Universe contest, but became the great winner because of the immense publicity around her. She stole many hearts of both Americans and Brazilians:
“Os americanos gritavam Brazil, Brazil! E eu atônita: nunca vi segundo lugar tão festejado (Martha Rocha)” ‘The Americans scream “Brazil, Brazil!” I was astonished: I had never experienced that the second place was celebrated like that’
Martha´s hips were 2 inches wider than those of the American. In that time, smaller hips were a beauty ideal. The wider hips of Martha still are considered as a Brazilian beauty ideal. After Martha, Brazil won the Miss Universe title two times: in 1963 and in 1968.
Por duas polegadas a mais,
passaram a baiana pra trás.
Por duas polegadas,
E logo nos quadris.
Tem dó, tem dó, seu juiz”
MARTHA ROCHA, a eterna Miss Brasil 1954 – entrevista Bom-Dia Rio (2009)
Relíquia: Martha Rocha – Patrocínio Fratelli Vita Cristais
Martha Rocha no Antes e Depois 2001
Respect (Aretha Franklin) –
Fusão Urbana (voz Martha Rocha)
1839 Proclamation of República Juliana, in Laguna, future capital of this state.
This republic would become the future state of Santa Catarina. The proclamation, issued by David Canabarro and Giuseppe Garibaldi, was part of the anti-monarchist revolt, against the government of Pedro II. Garibaldi was indeed the Italian nationalist who was responsible for the unification of Italy. The Juliana republic was part of a confederation with República Piratini (actual Rio Grande do Sul). Juliana ceased to exist in November 1839, while Piratini was discontinued in 1845. The name Juliana refers to the month in which the republic was proclaimed.
1883 Campos dos Goytacazes became the first city in South America with public electric illumination.
The city is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and is now known because of its oil fields on the continental shelf. Founded in 1835, Campos dos Goytacazes is a relatively young city. The city grew significantly during the industrial era in the nineteenth century.
(Parachutist). On 22 October 1797, Frenchman André-Jacques Garnerin (1769-1823) made the first successful parachute jump, from a balloon at an altitude of 670 meters, in Paris. The balloon was constructed according to a model of Leonardo da Vinci. In London, he jumped from an altitude of 2400 meters.
PARACHUTISM
Feliz Dia Do Paraquedista!
Programa Expressão – Dia Do Paraquedista
Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute.
Dia da Praça
(Square). The day is listed in any calendar, but little attention is paid to this event.
Dia do Radioamador
(Radio amateur). Until 1968, 22 October was the Brazilian Day of the Radio Amateur. this day was to commemorate the foundation of Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão (LABRE; Brazilian Radio Amateurs League) in 1934. From 1968, the day was moved to 5 November, to commemorate the publication of Decree 16,657, which regulated the stations of existing radio amateurs in Brazil, which were considered to be illegal until then. The International Radio Amateur Day is on 18 April, the foundation day of the IARU: International Amateur Radio Union (1925).
Dia Internacional de Atenção à Gagueira
(International Stuttering Awareness Day). This day was introduced in 1998, by the International Stuttering Association. Millions of people worldwide have speech disorder or stuttering. It is estimated that about ten million Brazilians have to deal with some form of stuttering in lifetime. Of them, about two million suffer a chronic form of stuttering (which can last months or years).
Themes for 2012 are:
Tenho muito a dizer
A Voice and Something to Say
STUTTERING
Stammering and International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD)
DIA MUNDIAL DE ATENÇÃO À GAGUEIRA
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1908 Death of playwright, poet, journalist and writer Artur de Azevedo (1855-1908)
Artur was born on 7 July 1855 in São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão. At young age, Artur showed interest for theater, and already in 1872, he published his first theater piece: Amor por Anexins. He was fired when he published satirical work directed against the government. Artur moved to Rio de Janeiro, to work there as an amanuensis. He also became Portuguese teacher and started his journalist career as a theater critic. Artur wrote numerous articles, mainly about theater. His theater pieces ‘Véspera de Reis‘ and ‘A Capital Federal‘. He was the older brother of writer Aluísio Azevedo. They both were members of the Brazilian Academy of Literature (29th and 4th seat, respectively).
ARTUR AZEVEDO
AUDIOLIVRO: Contos diversos de Artur Azevedo
AUDIOLIVRO: “Amor por anexins”, de Artur de Azevedo
Artur de Azevedo – Como o Diabo as arma (audiobook).
Artur de Azevedo – A filosofia do Mendes (audiobook).
1954 Death of journalist and poet Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954)
José Oswald de Andrade Souza was born on 11 January 1890 in São Paulo. At early age, Oswald became fascinated with the new technological advances, such as the radio, the cinema, the electrical tram. In 1912, he made his first of various travels to Europe. Oswald was one of the founders of Brazilian Modernism, In 1922, he participated in the Semana de Arte Moderna (Week of Modern Art) which marked the start of Modernism in Brazil. Oswald is widely known for his criticisms of Brazilian nationalism. His manifest ‘Manifesto Antrópofago‘ (1928) criticizes Brazilian cannibalism of other cultures, as a way for Brazil to assert itself against European post-colonial cultural domination. ‘Tupi or not Tupi, that is the question’ (referring to the cannibalist Tupi indian tribe), has become an iconic line.
OSWALD DE ANDRADE
Oswald de Andrade – Completo.
Oswald de Andrade
Semana de Arte Moderna
SALA DE LEITURA – Manifesto Antropófago – Oswald de Andrade
1807 Secret agreement that allowed the move of the Portuguese Crown to Brazil.
1912 Start of the Contestado War (1912-1916)
The Guerra do Contestado occurred in the southern states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, between settler and land owners. The latter were backed by governmental forces. Construction of a railroad from São Paulo to .Rio Grande de Sul generated disputes about the ownership of the margins along the railroad. When the construction was ended, railroad workers became jobless, whereas the land flanking the railroad was claimed by the railroad company. Social unrestand rebellion followed, in an area that was disputed by the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Government troops were sent to suppress the rebellion, but they met fierce resistance. As a result, there were bloody confrontations, with the rebels gaining some terrain. The Federal Government sent General Setembrino de Carvalho to pacify the region at any cost. Complete villages were destroyed, the rebellions were slaughtered. Only in August 1916, with the capture of the rebellion leader, Adeodato, the war was ended. As a result, an agreement was reached about the border between the two southern states.
CONTESTADO WAR
Guerra do Contestado I
Guerra do Contestado II
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 1
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 2
Guerra do Contestado – Programa “Meu Paraná” – RPC
(Highway Patrol). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on 23 July 1935. He and his colleagues were called ‘Inspetores de Tráfego’ (Traffic Inspectors). In 1945 the unit was called Policia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). In 1988, the PRF was assigned to control the Brazilian highways (more than 61 thousand km). Since 1991, the PRF is linked to the Brazilian Department of Justice. Yesterday, it was the Day of the Highway Patrol Man, today it is the day of the Highway Patrol.
(Electric Illumination in Brazil). On 24 July 1883, public electric illumination was introduced for the first time in South America, in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ). See below.
Dia do Calouro
(Freshman).During the first week(s) of a new academic semester (in February/ March or August), freshmen undergo the traditional haze.During these ‘calouro’ days the freshmen are decorated with paint in various colors: their faces, hair, arms, legs, clothes. It is not uncommon that these freshmen walk barefoot and beg money from bystanders in the streets. Some faculties also allow throwing eggs. One semester later, these freshmen can take their revenge.
1954 Martha Rocha (1936) from Bahia became second at Miss Universe contest.
The contest was won by the American Miriam Stevenson. Blonde hair, blue eyes. It is not unthinkable that Martha has started this beauty ideal that Brazilian men still have. Martha is from a very conservative family with eleven children. Through a contact of a local newspaper, she was enlisted to the Miss Bahia contest, and she won. Then she clearly won the Miss Brazil title. Martha finished second at the Miss Universe contest, but became the great winner because of the immense publicity around her. She stole many hearts of both Americans and Brazilians:
“Os americanos gritavam Brazil, Brazil! E eu atônita: nunca vi segundo lugar tão festejado (Martha Rocha)” ‘The Americans scream “Brazil, Brazil!” I was astonished: I had never experienced that the second place was celebrated like that’
Martha´s hips were 2 inches wider than those of the American. In that time, smaller hips were a beauty ideal. The wider hips of Martha still are considered as a Brazilian beauty ideal. After Martha, Brazil won the Miss Universe title two times: in 1963 and in 1968.
Por duas polegadas a mais,
passaram a baiana pra trás.
Por duas polegadas,
E logo nos quadris.
Tem dó, tem dó, seu juiz”
MARTHA ROCHA, a eterna Miss Brasil 1954 – entrevista Bom-Dia Rio (2009)
Relíquia: Martha Rocha – Patrocínio Fratelli Vita Cristais
Martha Rocha no Antes e Depois 2001
Respect (Aretha Franklin) –
Fusão Urbana (voz Martha Rocha)
1839 Proclamation of República Juliana, in Laguna, future capital of this state.
This republic would become the future state of Santa Catarina. The proclamation, issued by David Canabarro and Giuseppe Garibaldi, was part of the anti-monarchist revolt, against the government of Pedro II. Garibaldi was indeed the Italian nationalist who was responsible for the unification of Italy. The Juliana republic was part of a confederation with República Piratini (actual Rio Grande do Sul). Juliana ceased to exist in November 1839, while Piratini was discontinued in 1845. The name Juliana refers to the month in which the republic was proclaimed.
1883 Campos dos Goytacazes became the first city in South America with public electric illumination.
The city is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and is now known because of its oil fields on the continental shelf. Founded in 1835, Campos dos Goytacazes is a relatively young city. The city grew significantly during the industrial era in the nineteenth century.
(Parachutist). On 22 October 1797, Frenchman André-Jacques Garnerin (1769-1823) made the first successful parachute jump, from a balloon at an altitude of 670 meters, in Paris. The balloon was constructed according to a model of Leonardo da Vinci. In London, he jumped from an altitude of 2400 meters.
PARACHUTISM
Feliz Dia Do Paraquedista!
Programa Expressão – Dia Do Paraquedista
Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute.
Dia da Praça
(Square). The day is listed in any calendar, but little attention is paid to this event.
Dia do Radioamador
(Radio amateur). Until 1968, 22 October was the Brazilian Day of the Radio Amateur. this day was to commemorate the foundation of Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão (LABRE; Brazilian Radio Amateurs League) in 1934. From 1968, the day was moved to 5 November, to commemorate the publication of Decree 16,657, which regulated the stations of existing radio amateurs in Brazil, which were considered to be illegal until then. The International Radio Amateur Day is on 18 April, the foundation day of the IARU: International Amateur Radio Union (1925).
Dia Internacional de Atenção à Gagueira
(International Stuttering Awareness Day). This day was introduced in 1998, by the International Stuttering Association. Millions of people worldwide have speech disorder or stuttering. It is estimated that about ten million Brazilians have to deal with some form of stuttering in lifetime. Of them, about two million suffer a chronic form of stuttering (which can last months or years).
Themes for 2012 are:
Tenho muito a dizer
A Voice and Something to Say
STUTTERING
Stammering and International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD)
DIA MUNDIAL DE ATENÇÃO À GAGUEIRA
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1908 Death of playwright, poet, journalist and writer Artur de Azevedo (1855-1908)
Artur was born on 7 July 1855 in São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão. At young age, Artur showed interest for theater, and already in 1872, he published his first theater piece: Amor por Anexins. He was fired when he published satirical work directed against the government. Artur moved to Rio de Janeiro, to work there as an amanuensis. He also became Portuguese teacher and started his journalist career as a theater critic. Artur wrote numerous articles, mainly about theater. His theater pieces ‘Véspera de Reis‘ and ‘A Capital Federal‘. He was the older brother of writer Aluísio Azevedo. They both were members of the Brazilian Academy of Literature (29th and 4th seat, respectively).
ARTUR AZEVEDO
AUDIOLIVRO: Contos diversos de Artur Azevedo
AUDIOLIVRO: “Amor por anexins”, de Artur de Azevedo
Artur de Azevedo – Como o Diabo as arma (audiobook).
Artur de Azevedo – A filosofia do Mendes (audiobook).
1954 Death of journalist and poet Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954)
José Oswald de Andrade Souza was born on 11 January 1890 in São Paulo. At early age, Oswald became fascinated with the new technological advances, such as the radio, the cinema, the electrical tram. In 1912, he made his first of various travels to Europe. Oswald was one of the founders of Brazilian Modernism, In 1922, he participated in the Semana de Arte Moderna (Week of Modern Art) which marked the start of Modernism in Brazil. Oswald is widely known for his criticisms of Brazilian nationalism. His manifest ‘Manifesto Antrópofago‘ (1928) criticizes Brazilian cannibalism of other cultures, as a way for Brazil to assert itself against European post-colonial cultural domination. ‘Tupi or not Tupi, that is the question’ (referring to the cannibalist Tupi indian tribe), has become an iconic line.
OSWALD DE ANDRADE
Oswald de Andrade – Completo.
Oswald de Andrade
Semana de Arte Moderna
SALA DE LEITURA – Manifesto Antropófago – Oswald de Andrade
1807 Secret agreement that allowed the move of the Portuguese Crown to Brazil.
1912 Start of the Contestado War (1912-1916)
The Guerra do Contestado occurred in the southern states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, between settler and land owners. The latter were backed by governmental forces. Construction of a railroad from São Paulo to .Rio Grande de Sul generated disputes about the ownership of the margins along the railroad. When the construction was ended, railroad workers became jobless, whereas the land flanking the railroad was claimed by the railroad company. Social unrestand rebellion followed, in an area that was disputed by the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Government troops were sent to suppress the rebellion, but they met fierce resistance. As a result, there were bloody confrontations, with the rebels gaining some terrain. The Federal Government sent General Setembrino de Carvalho to pacify the region at any cost. Complete villages were destroyed, the rebellions were slaughtered. Only in August 1916, with the capture of the rebellion leader, Adeodato, the war was ended. As a result, an agreement was reached about the border between the two southern states.
CONTESTADO WAR
Guerra do Contestado I
Guerra do Contestado II
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 1
Historia do Brasil – Guerra do Contestado ( Sobreviventes ) PART 2
Guerra do Contestado – Programa “Meu Paraná” – RPC
(Highway Patrol). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on 23 July 1935. He and his colleagues were called ‘Inspetores de Tráfego’ (Traffic Inspectors). In 1945 the unit was called Policia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). In 1988, the PRF was assigned to control the Brazilian highways (more than 61 thousand km). Since 1991, the PRF is linked to the Brazilian Department of Justice. Yesterday, it was the Day of the Highway Patrol Man, today it is the day of the Highway Patrol.
(Electric Illumination in Brazil). On 24 July 1883, public electric illumination was introduced for the first time in South America, in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ). See below.
Dia do Calouro
(Freshman).During the first week(s) of a new academic semester (in February/ March or August), freshmen undergo the traditional haze.During these ‘calouro’ days the freshmen are decorated with paint in various colors: their faces, hair, arms, legs, clothes. It is not uncommon that these freshmen walk barefoot and beg money from bystanders in the streets. Some faculties also allow throwing eggs. One semester later, these freshmen can take their revenge.
1954 Martha Rocha (1936) from Bahia became second at Miss Universe contest.
The contest was won by the American Miriam Stevenson. Blonde hair, blue eyes. It is not unthinkable that Martha has started this beauty ideal that Brazilian men still have. Martha is from a very conservative family with eleven children. Through a contact of a local newspaper, she was enlisted to the Miss Bahia contest, and she won. Then she clearly won the Miss Brazil title. Martha finished second at the Miss Universe contest, but became the great winner because of the immense publicity around her. She stole many hearts of both Americans and Brazilians:
“Os americanos gritavam Brazil, Brazil! E eu atônita: nunca vi segundo lugar tão festejado (Martha Rocha)” ‘The Americans scream “Brazil, Brazil!” I was astonished: I had never experienced that the second place was celebrated like that’
Martha´s hips were 2 inches wider than those of the American. In that time, smaller hips were a beauty ideal. The wider hips of Martha still are considered as a Brazilian beauty ideal. After Martha, Brazil won the Miss Universe title two times: in 1963 and in 1968.
Por duas polegadas a mais,
passaram a baiana pra trás.
Por duas polegadas,
E logo nos quadris.
Tem dó, tem dó, seu juiz”
MARTHA ROCHA, a eterna Miss Brasil 1954 – entrevista Bom-Dia Rio (2009)
Relíquia: Martha Rocha – Patrocínio Fratelli Vita Cristais
Martha Rocha no Antes e Depois 2001
Respect (Aretha Franklin) –
Fusão Urbana (voz Martha Rocha)
1839 Proclamation of República Juliana, in Laguna, future capital of this state.
This republic would become the future state of Santa Catarina. The proclamation, issued by David Canabarro and Giuseppe Garibaldi, was part of the anti-monarchist revolt, against the government of Pedro II. Garibaldi was indeed the Italian nationalist who was responsible for the unification of Italy. The Juliana republic was part of a confederation with República Piratini (actual Rio Grande do Sul). Juliana ceased to exist in November 1839, while Piratini was discontinued in 1845. The name Juliana refers to the month in which the republic was proclaimed.
1883 Campos dos Goytacazes became the first city in South America with public electric illumination.
The city is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and is now known because of its oil fields on the continental shelf. Founded in 1835, Campos dos Goytacazes is a relatively young city. The city grew significantly during the industrial era in the nineteenth century.
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