Braziliaanse Dagen (338): 4 december

Brazilian Days 338

December 4

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Orientador Educacional

(Educational Supervisor).

  

---

Dia do Pedicuro

(Pedicure). The day refers to the foundation of Associação Brasileira de Podólogos (ABP; Brazilian Association of Pedicures) on 4 December 1964, in the city of São Paulo. In 2007, almost 600 pedicures were registered in Brazil.

  

---

Dia do Publicitário

(Publisher).

---

Dia do Perito Criminal

(Criminal Investigator).

  

---

Dia do Trabalhador em Minas de Carvão

(Coal Mine Worker). Today is the feast day of Saint Barbara, patron saint of miners, geologists, and mathematicians, among others.

---

Dia Mundial da Propaganda

(World Propaganda Day). On 4 December 1936, a congress for propagandists and publishers was organized in Buenos Aires (Argentina). From 1937, this day was called the Pan American Propaganda Day. Only from the 1970’s, this day was called the World Propaganda Day.

  

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1810

Creation of Academia Real Militar in Rio de Janeiro

King Dom João VI  created, per decree, the Academia Real Militar (Royal Miltary Academy) in Rio de Janeiro. At present, it is called Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras.

  

---

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (184): 3 juli

Brazilian Days 184

July 3

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Algodão

(Cotton). The Incas already used cotton to make clothing. Portuguese settlers came into contact with Brazilian Indians who had experience to make clothes from cotton fibers. Not long after the discovery of Brazil in 1500, cotton plantations were established, mainly in the state of Maranhão. Exports showed a strong growth. Thanks to the American Civil War – where the cotton production had dropped – , large and profitable farms had been set up in the state of São Paulo, with exports destined for Europe. Brazil is a major cotton exporter (number five after India, China, the United States, and Australia), but also the second largest cotton importer. The imports come from Argentina, Paraguay, the United States, and more recently from African and Asian countries. In Brazil, more than 1 million hectares is occupied by cotton plantations, primarily in the southern states of Paraná and São Paulo.

^bron

ABRAPA – Brazilian cotton production and export

---

Dia dos Incrédulos
(Disbelievers)

---

Dia do Cooperativismo

(Cooperative Movement). Cooperative movement originated in England during the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Owen – who had amassed a fortune, coincidence or not, in the cotton industry – who founded the first cooperation in Scotland. The first cooperative store was opened there by the working poor. With the profits from this shop they were better able to maintain themselves. Of greater influence were the Rochdale Principles, dating from 1844. These principles still form the framework for the current regulatory cooperatives. These statutes include: an open and voluntary membership, democratic control, autonomy and independence, profits are divided among the participants, improvement of education.

^bron


Robert Owen

---

Dia do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica

(Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization). On July 3, 1978, the Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazonica (OTCA) Treaty was signed in Brasilia by the eight Amazon countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. In 1995, the ACTO (English acronym) was created with the aim to carry out the guidelines of the Convention: the sustainable development of the Amazon.

^bron


Destination Amazônia 2009

---

Dia do Juiz de Paz

(Justice of the Peace). The Juiz de Paz confirms a civil marriage in Brazil by law.

^source

MARRIAGE IN BRAZIL
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 1	Repórter Justiça – Casamento 2
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 3

---

Dia Nacional de Combate à Discriminação Racial

(Combating Racial Discrimination). In 1951 a law, Lei Afonso Arinos (1905-1990), came into effect, that proposed racial discrimination punishable, with associated penalties.

LEI AFONSO ARINOS
60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 1/2	60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 2/2

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1892
Introduction of “Jogo do Bicho” by Baron de Drumond, in Rio de Janeiro.

The Baron wanted to refurbish the local zoo with the profits of this – still – illegal lottery. The lottery consists of 25 animals that represent the numbers 01 to 99. The gambler may bet any amount (even one centavo!), and will receive a multiple of his bet when he made a good guess. The payouts range from 25 to 50,000 times the bet, depending on the lottery type. This lottery is very popular in Rio de Janeiro, and is tolerated by the authorities. With this lottery, for example, the carnival and football clubs receive extra money.

^{The 25 animals and their corresponding lottery
numbers}


Documentary Jogo do Bicho

---

1822
Creation of the Ministry of Justice

Shortly before the declaration of the independence of Brazil, prince-regent Dom Pedro issued a decree that created the ‘Secretaria de Estado de Negócios da Justiça’. In 1972, on the same day, the new office building of the Ministry of Justice was inaugurated. This building with a mixture of Gothic and modern elements, was designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer.

^Source

Institutional Video

---

1978
Ratification of the OTCA document in Brasília. (See above).

^source

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Braziliaanse Dagen (164): 13 juni

Brazilian Days 164

June 13

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia dos Jornais de Bairro 
(Neighborhood journals, SP)

---

Dia das casamenteiras
(Matchmakers)

---

Dia do Turismo
(Tourism). The World Tourism Day is on 27 September, today is the Brazilian Tourism Day. Tourism is of major importance in Brazil. About five million foreign tourists arrive annually to visit principal locations as Rio de Janeiro, Pantanal, Foz do Iguaçu, and the beaches in Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, as well as carnival in Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and São Paulo.

---

Dia de Santo Antônio
(St. Anthony). In June, there are feast days of four important saints: St. Anthony on 13 June, São João (St. John) on 24 June, and São Pedro e São Paulo (Sts. Peter and Paul) on 29 June. Santo Antônio is the patron saint of marriages. Today, there is the official start of the Festas Juninas (June Festivals). These traditional folkloric festivals are celebrated throughout Brazil, and are accompanied with traditional music, dance, and food.

---

Dia do Ecologista Brasileiro
(Brazilian Ecologist). On 13 June 1763, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was born. He is known as the patriarch of the Brazilian independence. Bonifácio became the prime minister of the Empire of Brazil. He wasn’t befriended with the emperor, and was banned for a short period. He returned, reconciled with the emperor, and became councilor of the young successor. Again, he was arrested. He died in 1838. Besides his statesmanship, Bonifácio was also a scientist. He had studied Philosophy and Law, made research in Mineralogy and Metallurgy. His merits concerning Ecology were publications about environmental protection.

---

Dia do Detetive Profissional
(Professional detective). On 13 June1987, Conselho Federal dos Detetives Profissionais (CFDP; Federal Board of Professional Detectives) was founded. In 1946 the first professional detectives, from Greece, arrived in Brazil. At present, there are more than 900 thousand detectives in Brazil. 

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1998
Death of architect Lúcio Costa 

---

2001
Death of guitar player Marcelo Frommer,  member of the band ‘Titãs’.

---

1964
Creation of Serviço Nacional de Informações (National Information Service)

---

1880
Inauguration of Escola de Belas Artes da Bahia in Salvador 

---

1645
Insurreição Pernambucana (Insurrection in Pernambuco)

---

1763
Birth of statesman and scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

---

1808
Creation of Jardim de Aclimação (future Jardim Botânico) by D. João VI, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1845
Arrival of the French vessel ‘Virginie’ , carrying German colonists, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1927
Invasion of the city of Mossoró by Virgulino Ferreira da Silva’s (Lampião’s) gang.

---

2002
FIFA World Cup 2002: Brazil 5 x 2 Costa Rica

---

2004
Olympic Torch Relay in the city of Rio de Janeiro

---

1621
Foundation of the state of Maranhão
Maranhão was created from the merger of several capitanias. Since the discovery of the Maranhão Region, Spaniards took control. Eventually, the region became party under control of the Portuguese, but were expelled by the French in 1612. They founded São Luis, actual state capital, named after French king Luis III. The battle between the French and the Portuguese, in 1615, resulted in a victory for the Portuguese. Six years later, the province of Maranhão e Grão-Pará was created. In 1641, the Dutch occupied Maranhão, but were expelled three years later. In 1774, the province was split into the provinces of Maranhão and Pará.

---

1682
Installation of the first bishop in Rio de Janeiro: D. José de Barros Alarcão.


By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

Braziliaanse Dagen (338): 4 december

Brazilian Days 338

December 4

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Orientador Educacional

(Educational Supervisor).

  

---

Dia do Pedicuro

(Pedicure). The day refers to the foundation of Associação Brasileira de Podólogos (ABP; Brazilian Association of Pedicures) on 4 December 1964, in the city of São Paulo. In 2007, almost 600 pedicures were registered in Brazil.

  

---

Dia do Publicitário

(Publisher).

---

Dia do Perito Criminal

(Criminal Investigator).

  

---

Dia do Trabalhador em Minas de Carvão

(Coal Mine Worker). Today is the feast day of Saint Barbara, patron saint of miners, geologists, and mathematicians, among others.

---

Dia Mundial da Propaganda

(World Propaganda Day). On 4 December 1936, a congress for propagandists and publishers was organized in Buenos Aires (Argentina). From 1937, this day was called the Pan American Propaganda Day. Only from the 1970’s, this day was called the World Propaganda Day.

  

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1810

Creation of Academia Real Militar in Rio de Janeiro

King Dom João VI  created, per decree, the Academia Real Militar (Royal Miltary Academy) in Rio de Janeiro. At present, it is called Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras.

  

---

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (184): 3 juli

Brazilian Days 184

July 3

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Algodão

(Cotton). The Incas already used cotton to make clothing. Portuguese settlers came into contact with Brazilian Indians who had experience to make clothes from cotton fibers. Not long after the discovery of Brazil in 1500, cotton plantations were established, mainly in the state of Maranhão. Exports showed a strong growth. Thanks to the American Civil War – where the cotton production had dropped – , large and profitable farms had been set up in the state of São Paulo, with exports destined for Europe. Brazil is a major cotton exporter (number five after India, China, the United States, and Australia), but also the second largest cotton importer. The imports come from Argentina, Paraguay, the United States, and more recently from African and Asian countries. In Brazil, more than 1 million hectares is occupied by cotton plantations, primarily in the southern states of Paraná and São Paulo.

^bron

ABRAPA – Brazilian cotton production and export

---

Dia dos Incrédulos
(Disbelievers)

---

Dia do Cooperativismo

(Cooperative Movement). Cooperative movement originated in England during the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Owen – who had amassed a fortune, coincidence or not, in the cotton industry – who founded the first cooperation in Scotland. The first cooperative store was opened there by the working poor. With the profits from this shop they were better able to maintain themselves. Of greater influence were the Rochdale Principles, dating from 1844. These principles still form the framework for the current regulatory cooperatives. These statutes include: an open and voluntary membership, democratic control, autonomy and independence, profits are divided among the participants, improvement of education.

^bron


Robert Owen

---

Dia do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica

(Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization). On July 3, 1978, the Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazonica (OTCA) Treaty was signed in Brasilia by the eight Amazon countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. In 1995, the ACTO (English acronym) was created with the aim to carry out the guidelines of the Convention: the sustainable development of the Amazon.

^bron


Destination Amazônia 2009

---

Dia do Juiz de Paz

(Justice of the Peace). The Juiz de Paz confirms a civil marriage in Brazil by law.

^source

MARRIAGE IN BRAZIL
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 1	Repórter Justiça – Casamento 2
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 3

---

Dia Nacional de Combate à Discriminação Racial

(Combating Racial Discrimination). In 1951 a law, Lei Afonso Arinos (1905-1990), came into effect, that proposed racial discrimination punishable, with associated penalties.

LEI AFONSO ARINOS
60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 1/2	60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 2/2

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1892
Introduction of “Jogo do Bicho” by Baron de Drumond, in Rio de Janeiro.

The Baron wanted to refurbish the local zoo with the profits of this – still – illegal lottery. The lottery consists of 25 animals that represent the numbers 01 to 99. The gambler may bet any amount (even one centavo!), and will receive a multiple of his bet when he made a good guess. The payouts range from 25 to 50,000 times the bet, depending on the lottery type. This lottery is very popular in Rio de Janeiro, and is tolerated by the authorities. With this lottery, for example, the carnival and football clubs receive extra money.

^{The 25 animals and their corresponding lottery
numbers}


Documentary Jogo do Bicho

---

1822
Creation of the Ministry of Justice

Shortly before the declaration of the independence of Brazil, prince-regent Dom Pedro issued a decree that created the ‘Secretaria de Estado de Negócios da Justiça’. In 1972, on the same day, the new office building of the Ministry of Justice was inaugurated. This building with a mixture of Gothic and modern elements, was designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer.

^Source

Institutional Video

---

1978
Ratification of the OTCA document in Brasília. (See above).

^source

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Braziliaanse Dagen (164): 13 juni

Brazilian Days 164

June 13

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia dos Jornais de Bairro 
(Neighborhood journals, SP)

---

Dia das casamenteiras
(Matchmakers)

---

Dia do Turismo
(Tourism). The World Tourism Day is on 27 September, today is the Brazilian Tourism Day. Tourism is of major importance in Brazil. About five million foreign tourists arrive annually to visit principal locations as Rio de Janeiro, Pantanal, Foz do Iguaçu, and the beaches in Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, as well as carnival in Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and São Paulo.

---

Dia de Santo Antônio
(St. Anthony). In June, there are feast days of four important saints: St. Anthony on 13 June, São João (St. John) on 24 June, and São Pedro e São Paulo (Sts. Peter and Paul) on 29 June. Santo Antônio is the patron saint of marriages. Today, there is the official start of the Festas Juninas (June Festivals). These traditional folkloric festivals are celebrated throughout Brazil, and are accompanied with traditional music, dance, and food.

---

Dia do Ecologista Brasileiro
(Brazilian Ecologist). On 13 June 1763, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was born. He is known as the patriarch of the Brazilian independence. Bonifácio became the prime minister of the Empire of Brazil. He wasn’t befriended with the emperor, and was banned for a short period. He returned, reconciled with the emperor, and became councilor of the young successor. Again, he was arrested. He died in 1838. Besides his statesmanship, Bonifácio was also a scientist. He had studied Philosophy and Law, made research in Mineralogy and Metallurgy. His merits concerning Ecology were publications about environmental protection.

---

Dia do Detetive Profissional
(Professional detective). On 13 June1987, Conselho Federal dos Detetives Profissionais (CFDP; Federal Board of Professional Detectives) was founded. In 1946 the first professional detectives, from Greece, arrived in Brazil. At present, there are more than 900 thousand detectives in Brazil. 

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1998
Death of architect Lúcio Costa 

---

2001
Death of guitar player Marcelo Frommer,  member of the band ‘Titãs’.

---

1964
Creation of Serviço Nacional de Informações (National Information Service)

---

1880
Inauguration of Escola de Belas Artes da Bahia in Salvador 

---

1645
Insurreição Pernambucana (Insurrection in Pernambuco)

---

1763
Birth of statesman and scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

---

1808
Creation of Jardim de Aclimação (future Jardim Botânico) by D. João VI, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1845
Arrival of the French vessel ‘Virginie’ , carrying German colonists, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1927
Invasion of the city of Mossoró by Virgulino Ferreira da Silva’s (Lampião’s) gang.

---

2002
FIFA World Cup 2002: Brazil 5 x 2 Costa Rica

---

2004
Olympic Torch Relay in the city of Rio de Janeiro

---

1621
Foundation of the state of Maranhão
Maranhão was created from the merger of several capitanias. Since the discovery of the Maranhão Region, Spaniards took control. Eventually, the region became party under control of the Portuguese, but were expelled by the French in 1612. They founded São Luis, actual state capital, named after French king Luis III. The battle between the French and the Portuguese, in 1615, resulted in a victory for the Portuguese. Six years later, the province of Maranhão e Grão-Pará was created. In 1641, the Dutch occupied Maranhão, but were expelled three years later. In 1774, the province was split into the provinces of Maranhão and Pará.

---

1682
Installation of the first bishop in Rio de Janeiro: D. José de Barros Alarcão.


By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

Braziliaanse Dagen (338): 4 december

Brazilian Days 338

December 4

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Orientador Educacional

(Educational Supervisor).

  

---

Dia do Pedicuro

(Pedicure). The day refers to the foundation of Associação Brasileira de Podólogos (ABP; Brazilian Association of Pedicures) on 4 December 1964, in the city of São Paulo. In 2007, almost 600 pedicures were registered in Brazil.

  

---

Dia do Publicitário

(Publisher).

---

Dia do Perito Criminal

(Criminal Investigator).

  

---

Dia do Trabalhador em Minas de Carvão

(Coal Mine Worker). Today is the feast day of Saint Barbara, patron saint of miners, geologists, and mathematicians, among others.

---

Dia Mundial da Propaganda

(World Propaganda Day). On 4 December 1936, a congress for propagandists and publishers was organized in Buenos Aires (Argentina). From 1937, this day was called the Pan American Propaganda Day. Only from the 1970’s, this day was called the World Propaganda Day.

  

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1810

Creation of Academia Real Militar in Rio de Janeiro

King Dom João VI  created, per decree, the Academia Real Militar (Royal Miltary Academy) in Rio de Janeiro. At present, it is called Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras.

  

---

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.
.

Braziliaanse Dagen (184): 3 juli

Brazilian Days 184

July 3

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Algodão

(Cotton). The Incas already used cotton to make clothing. Portuguese settlers came into contact with Brazilian Indians who had experience to make clothes from cotton fibers. Not long after the discovery of Brazil in 1500, cotton plantations were established, mainly in the state of Maranhão. Exports showed a strong growth. Thanks to the American Civil War – where the cotton production had dropped – , large and profitable farms had been set up in the state of São Paulo, with exports destined for Europe. Brazil is a major cotton exporter (number five after India, China, the United States, and Australia), but also the second largest cotton importer. The imports come from Argentina, Paraguay, the United States, and more recently from African and Asian countries. In Brazil, more than 1 million hectares is occupied by cotton plantations, primarily in the southern states of Paraná and São Paulo.

^bron

ABRAPA – Brazilian cotton production and export

---

Dia dos Incrédulos
(Disbelievers)

---

Dia do Cooperativismo

(Cooperative Movement). Cooperative movement originated in England during the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Owen – who had amassed a fortune, coincidence or not, in the cotton industry – who founded the first cooperation in Scotland. The first cooperative store was opened there by the working poor. With the profits from this shop they were better able to maintain themselves. Of greater influence were the Rochdale Principles, dating from 1844. These principles still form the framework for the current regulatory cooperatives. These statutes include: an open and voluntary membership, democratic control, autonomy and independence, profits are divided among the participants, improvement of education.

^bron


Robert Owen

---

Dia do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica

(Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization). On July 3, 1978, the Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazonica (OTCA) Treaty was signed in Brasilia by the eight Amazon countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. In 1995, the ACTO (English acronym) was created with the aim to carry out the guidelines of the Convention: the sustainable development of the Amazon.

^bron


Destination Amazônia 2009

---

Dia do Juiz de Paz

(Justice of the Peace). The Juiz de Paz confirms a civil marriage in Brazil by law.

^source

MARRIAGE IN BRAZIL
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 1	Repórter Justiça – Casamento 2
Repórter Justiça – Casamento 3

---

Dia Nacional de Combate à Discriminação Racial

(Combating Racial Discrimination). In 1951 a law, Lei Afonso Arinos (1905-1990), came into effect, that proposed racial discrimination punishable, with associated penalties.

LEI AFONSO ARINOS
60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 1/2	60 Years Lei Afonso Arinos (‘De Lá pra Cá) 2/2

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1892
Introduction of “Jogo do Bicho” by Baron de Drumond, in Rio de Janeiro.

The Baron wanted to refurbish the local zoo with the profits of this – still – illegal lottery. The lottery consists of 25 animals that represent the numbers 01 to 99. The gambler may bet any amount (even one centavo!), and will receive a multiple of his bet when he made a good guess. The payouts range from 25 to 50,000 times the bet, depending on the lottery type. This lottery is very popular in Rio de Janeiro, and is tolerated by the authorities. With this lottery, for example, the carnival and football clubs receive extra money.

^{The 25 animals and their corresponding lottery
numbers}


Documentary Jogo do Bicho

---

1822
Creation of the Ministry of Justice

Shortly before the declaration of the independence of Brazil, prince-regent Dom Pedro issued a decree that created the ‘Secretaria de Estado de Negócios da Justiça’. In 1972, on the same day, the new office building of the Ministry of Justice was inaugurated. This building with a mixture of Gothic and modern elements, was designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer.

^Source

Institutional Video

---

1978
Ratification of the OTCA document in Brasília. (See above).

^source

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Braziliaanse Dagen (164): 13 juni

Brazilian Days 164

June 13

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia dos Jornais de Bairro 
(Neighborhood journals, SP)

---

Dia das casamenteiras
(Matchmakers)

---

Dia do Turismo
(Tourism). The World Tourism Day is on 27 September, today is the Brazilian Tourism Day. Tourism is of major importance in Brazil. About five million foreign tourists arrive annually to visit principal locations as Rio de Janeiro, Pantanal, Foz do Iguaçu, and the beaches in Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, as well as carnival in Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and São Paulo.

---

Dia de Santo Antônio
(St. Anthony). In June, there are feast days of four important saints: St. Anthony on 13 June, São João (St. John) on 24 June, and São Pedro e São Paulo (Sts. Peter and Paul) on 29 June. Santo Antônio is the patron saint of marriages. Today, there is the official start of the Festas Juninas (June Festivals). These traditional folkloric festivals are celebrated throughout Brazil, and are accompanied with traditional music, dance, and food.

---

Dia do Ecologista Brasileiro
(Brazilian Ecologist). On 13 June 1763, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was born. He is known as the patriarch of the Brazilian independence. Bonifácio became the prime minister of the Empire of Brazil. He wasn’t befriended with the emperor, and was banned for a short period. He returned, reconciled with the emperor, and became councilor of the young successor. Again, he was arrested. He died in 1838. Besides his statesmanship, Bonifácio was also a scientist. He had studied Philosophy and Law, made research in Mineralogy and Metallurgy. His merits concerning Ecology were publications about environmental protection.

---

Dia do Detetive Profissional
(Professional detective). On 13 June1987, Conselho Federal dos Detetives Profissionais (CFDP; Federal Board of Professional Detectives) was founded. In 1946 the first professional detectives, from Greece, arrived in Brazil. At present, there are more than 900 thousand detectives in Brazil. 

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1998
Death of architect Lúcio Costa 

---

2001
Death of guitar player Marcelo Frommer,  member of the band ‘Titãs’.

---

1964
Creation of Serviço Nacional de Informações (National Information Service)

---

1880
Inauguration of Escola de Belas Artes da Bahia in Salvador 

---

1645
Insurreição Pernambucana (Insurrection in Pernambuco)

---

1763
Birth of statesman and scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

---

1808
Creation of Jardim de Aclimação (future Jardim Botânico) by D. João VI, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1845
Arrival of the French vessel ‘Virginie’ , carrying German colonists, in Rio de Janeiro.

---

1927
Invasion of the city of Mossoró by Virgulino Ferreira da Silva’s (Lampião’s) gang.

---

2002
FIFA World Cup 2002: Brazil 5 x 2 Costa Rica

---

2004
Olympic Torch Relay in the city of Rio de Janeiro

---

1621
Foundation of the state of Maranhão
Maranhão was created from the merger of several capitanias. Since the discovery of the Maranhão Region, Spaniards took control. Eventually, the region became party under control of the Portuguese, but were expelled by the French in 1612. They founded São Luis, actual state capital, named after French king Luis III. The battle between the French and the Portuguese, in 1615, resulted in a victory for the Portuguese. Six years later, the province of Maranhão e Grão-Pará was created. In 1641, the Dutch occupied Maranhão, but were expelled three years later. In 1774, the province was split into the provinces of Maranhão and Pará.

---

1682
Installation of the first bishop in Rio de Janeiro: D. José de Barros Alarcão.


By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

Brazilië inBeelden 355: Estácio de Sá Monument, RIO DE JANEIRO (RJ)

Een persoonlijke selectie van foto´s en hun verhalen.

355: Estácio de Sá monument

Op de eerste dag van het jaar 1502 arriveerden Portugese ontdekkingsreizigers in een baai waar later de stad Rio de Janeiro zou worden gesticht. En gebeurde ruim zestig jaar later, op 1 maart 1565, door Estácio de Sá, die  opdracht had gekregen om een eind te maken aan de Franse bezetting van de regio. De nederzetting werd São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro genoemd. Op 20 januari 1567, tijdens de beslissende slag tegen de alliantie van de Fransen en de oorspronkelijke bewoners, werd Estácio in een oog getroffen door een vergiftigde pijl. Hij overleed een maand later. Vier eeuwen later, toen het stadsbestuur het vierde eeuwfeest van Rio de Janeiro wilde vieren en diens oprichter wilde eren, vroeg men zich openlijk af waarom er nog geen standbeeld was van de Estácio. Er werd verwoed gezocht waar een afbeelding van hem, maar zonder succes. Als een alternatief werd er een driehoekige obelisk, naar een ontwerp van architect Lucio Costa, met een grote ruimte onder deze obelisk. Het monument bevindt zich langs de Aterro do Flamengo, aan de oever van de Guanabarabaai. 

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2012, 2017